Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the principle of LIBS technology^[18]

Fig. 2. LIBS for blood cancer discrimination^[41]. (a) Sample preparation steps; (b) classification accuracy of different methods; (c) confusion matrix of RSM-LDA

Fig. 3. LIBS detection of drug half-life^[45]. (a) Schematic of sample preparation process; (b) schematic of LIBS system and spectral acquisition method; (c) spectra of samples and silicon substrate

Fig. 4. Classification results of LIBS combined with SVM and KNN in infiltrating glioma^[55]. (a) Experimental setup for LIBS; (b) LIBS spectra of glioma samples; (c) classification results of SVM and KNN

Fig. 5. Preprocessing of hair samples and analysis of experimental results^[58]

Fig. 6. LIBS imaging technology. (a) Schematic diagram of the LIBS imaging principle^[66]; (b) single-cell nanoscale LIBS imaging^[64]

Fig. 7. LIBS-based skin tissue imaging^[67]. (a) Elemental imaging of healthy skin tissue; (b) elemental imaging of different types of skin cancer

Fig. 8. Milestones of LIBS imaging in biomedical applications^[66].(a) 3D imaging of the entire kidney; (b) slice imaging; (c) depth ablation imaging; (d) sample surface under SEM

Fig. 9. Diagrams of elemental imaging in deep ablated brain tissue block^[73]. (a) Right brain; (b) left brain; (c) LIBS layer-by-layer analysis; (d) brain sample embedded in paraffin wax; (e) samples after LIBS ablation; (f) elemental imaging of right brain; (g) elemental imaging of left brain