Fig. 1. Growth of the astrophotonics in the last decade^［5］

Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of a photonic lantern^［8，9］

Fig. 3. Schematics of the Kronig-Penney model analogy for the photonic lantern^［13］

Fig. 4. The evolution of modes throughout a 1×7 photonic lantern^［13］

Fig. 5. Spatial mode distribution of a multi-mode fiber and its 15-core approximation^{［13，17］}

Fig. 6. Schematics of the three different photonic lantern fabrication approaches^［24］

Fig. 7. Schematic diagram，micrograph，and photograph of the first photonic lantern^［9］

Fig. 8. Schematic and manufacture diagram of an MM-SM-MM lantern pair ^［9］

Fig. 9. Schematic and cross section micrographs of a photonic lantern made by tapering a bundle of SMFs inside a low index tube^{［23，29，38］}

Fig. 10. Cross-sectional micrographs of an N=120 photonic lantern with same scale^［18］

Fig. 11. Micrographs of cross sections of a gradually collapsing three-core PCF^［8，37］

Fig. 12. Schematic diagrams of the PLs made by ULI technique and MM-SM-MM lantern pair made with ULI^［24］

Fig. 13. Schematic diagram of one of the OH suppression fibers of the GNOSIS and the observed spectrum of the night sky^［68］

Fig. 14. Observed spectra of NGC 7674 with PRAXIS^［75］

Fig. 15. Image of the output of a 73-core MCF with modified core diameters and PL made by 73-core MCF^［79］

Fig. 16. SM port geometry，output signal，and two working configurations of the designed 1×5 photonic lantern^{［88，89］}

Fig. 17. Schematic diagram of a 1×19 photonic lantern realizing wavefront sensing ^［90］

Fig. 18. Four different varieties of photonic lanterns^［96］

Fig. 19. Conceptual layout of the basic PolyOculus and SMFC concept in the PolyOculus initial design^［97］