Fig. 1. Optical implementation of double random phase encoding. (a) Encryption; (b) decryption

Fig. 2. Information processing flowchart for different compression strategies in optical compression-encryption system. (a) Plaintext compression; (b) ciphertext compression; (c) synchronized compression

Fig. 3. An example of information compression by using the concentration of energy in the transform domain

Fig. 4. Principle of G-S algorithm

Fig. 5. Single pixel camera based on compressive sensing^[41]

Fig. 6. Double-image encryption based on frequency spectral fusion^[44]

Fig. 7. Simulation results of multiple-image encryption based on frequency spectral fusion^[44]. (a) Original images; (b) ciphertext; (c) decrypted images

Fig. 8. Multiple-image compression and encryption based on Radon transform^[52]

Fig. 9. Image encryption and decryption process based on compression sensing and dual random phase coding system^[55]

Fig. 10. Simulation results of image encryption system based on compression sensing and double random phase coding^[55]. (a) Original image; (b) image downsampled by sensing matrix; (c) host image; (d) ciphertext; (e) combined image containing cipher information; (f) reconstructed image

Fig. 11. Schematic of optical encryption process based on spatial multiplexing and compression sensing^[58]

Fig. 12. Schematic of optical decryption process based on spatial multiplexing and compression sensing^[58]

Fig. 13. Multiple-image encryption based on position multiplexing^[63]. (a) Encryption; (b) decryption

Fig. 14. Numerical simulation results of multiple-image encryption scheme based on position multiplexing ^[63]. (a) Ciphertext; (b) decryption corresponding to position d5; (c) result of Gaussian filtering on the image shown in Fig. 14 (b); (d) decryption corresponding to position d1-3.5Δdmin

Fig. 15. Theta-modulation-based multiple-image encryption^[71]

Fig. 16. Reconstruction of ciphertexts in theta-modulation-based multiple-image encryption^[71]

Fig. 17. Reconstruction of plaintexts in theta-modulation-based multiple-image encryption^[71]

Fig. 18. Multiple-image encryption based on angular multiplexing of CCD^[75]

Fig. 19. Spectrum of the synthetic ciphertext^{ofmultiple-image encryption based on angular multiplexing of CCD[75]. (a) Simulation result; (b) experimental result}

Fig. 20. Decrypted results obtained by quantizing each pixel value in the ciphertext by different orders^[30]. (a) 4 bits; (b) 3 bits; (c) 2 bits

Fig. 21. Optical ciphertext compression method based on deep learning^[82]. (a) Compression; (b) decompression

Fig. 22. Comparison of the deep-learning-based optical ciphertext compression approach with JPEG and JPEG2000^[82]

Fig. 23. Optical encryption based on compressive ghost imaging encryption^[29]

Fig. 24. Decrypted results using compressive ghost imaging^[29]. (a) Plaintext; (b) decrypted result obtained by conventional method under 3500 samplings; (c) decrypted result obtained by compressive sensing under 3500 samplings; (d) decrypted result obtained by compressive sensing under 200 samplings

Fig. 25. Encryption system based on single pixel imaging, phase shifting holography, and random phase coding^[90]

Fig. 26. Decryption result of gray image obtained by encryption system^[90]. (a) Plaintext; (b) one of the encrypted holograms on the DMD plane; (c) retrieved image of about 256×256×42.1% measurements, where 256×256 denotes the pixel count and 42.1% denotes the sampling ratio

Fig. 27. Optical decryption scheme of multi-image encryption system based on multi-plane phase recovery and interference principle^[93]

Fig. 28. Iterative algorithm of multi-image encryption system based on multi-plane phase recovery algorithm and interference principle^[93]

Fig. 29. Multiple-image encryption based on 3D space and phase retrieval algorithm^[94]

Fig. 30. Multiple-image encryption based on azimuth multiplexing and phase retrieval algorithm^[95]

Fig. 31. Iterative cryptosystem based on amplitude constraint in input plane^[97]. (a) Decryption optical path and iterative algorithm basis; (b) amplitude constraint in input plane; (c) amplitude constraint in output plane

Fig. 32. Ciphertext combination method based on spatial multiplexing^[97]

Fig. 33. Optical encryption based on 4f correlator^[98]

Fig. 34. Secret sharing (multiple-image encryption) system based on metasurface and iterative algorithm^[33]

Fig. 35. Optical diffractive-imaging-based encryption scheme

Fig. 36. Effect of decryption algorithm of single exposure optical diffraction imaging encryption system^[107]. (a) Decrypted image; (b) dependence of CC on iteration number; (c) dependence of CC on iteration number corresponding to the first iterative procedure; (d) dependence of CC on iteration number corresponding to the second iterative procedure

Fig. 37. Multi-image encryption system based on multimode phase retrieval algorithm and focal length multiplexing^[110]

Fig. 38. Relationship between the quality of the decrypted images (CC) and the iteration number in the multi-image encryption system based on multimode phase retrieval algorithm and focal length multiplexing^[110]

Fig. 39. Single exposure color image encryption system based on multimodal diffraction imaging^[111]

Fig. 40. Multiple-image encryption based on compressive holography^[114]

Fig. 41. Decrypted results of multiple-image encryption based on compressive holography^[114]. (a)-(c) Plaintexts; (d) one of the holograms; (e)-(g) decrypted results