[1] HAO C, LIU Z R, LIU W et al. Research progress of carbon- supported metal single atom catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 820-834(2021).

[2] RAHMAN M A, WANG X J, WEN C E. High energy density metal-air batteries: a review[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society(2013).

[3] LIU Z Y, ZHAO Z P, PENG B S et al. Beyond extended surfaces: understanding the oxygen reduction reaction on nanocatalysts[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 17812-17827(2020).

[4] XIANG J, LIU B, LIU B et al. A self-terminated electrochemical fabrication of electrode pairs with angstrom-sized gaps[J]. Electrochemistry Communications, 577-580(2006).

[5] TIAN X L, ZHAO X, SU Y Q et al. Engineering bunched Pt-Ni alloy nanocages for efficient oxygen reduction in practical fuel cells[J]. Science, 850-856(2019).

[6] LI M F, ZHAO Z P, CHENG T et al. Ultrafine jagged platinum nanowires enable ultrahigh mass activity for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Science, 1414-1419(2016).

[7] ZENG R R, WANG K, SHAO W et al. Investigation on the coordination mechanism of Pt-containing species and qualification of the alkaline content during Pt/C preparation via a solvothermal polyol method[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 820-829(2020).

[8] WANG J J, YIN G P, SHAO Y Y et al. Effect of carbon black support corrosion on the durability of Pt/C catalyst[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 331-339(2007).

[9] JIMÉNEZ-MORALES I, REYES-CARMONA A, DUPONT M et al. Correlation between the surface characteristics of carbon supports and their electrochemical stability and performance in fuel cell cathodes[J]. Carbon Energy, 654-665(2021).

[10] KONG F P, SHI W Z, SONG Y J et al. Surface/near-surface structure of highly active and durable Pt-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: a review[J]. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research(2021).

[11] JIANG Y F, YANG L J, SUN T et al. Significant contribution of intrinsic carbon defects to oxygen reduction activity[J]. ACS Catalysis, 6707-6712(2015).

[12] LAI Q X, ZHENG J, TANG Z M et al. Optimal configuration of N-doped carbon defects in 2D turbostratic carbon nanomesh for advanced oxygen reduction electrocatalysis[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 11999-12006(2020).

[13] LANG X Y, HAN G F, XIAO B B et al. Mesostructured intermetallic compounds of platinum and non-transition metals for enhanced electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Advanced Functional Materials, 230-237(2015).

[14] NOVOSELOV K S, GEIM A K, MOROZOV S V et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films[J]. Science, 666-669(2004).

[15] LI D D, LI T, HAO G Y et al. IrO₂ nanoparticle-decorated single- layer NiFe LDHs nanosheets with oxygen vacancies for the oxygen evolution reaction[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal(2020).

[16] LI R, WANG S H, CHEN X X et al. Highly anisotropic and water molecule-dependent proton conductivity in a 2D homochiral copper(II) metal-organic framework[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 2321-2331(2017).

[17] WANG Z T, LI H, YAN S C et al. Synthesis of a two-dimensional covalent organic framework with the ability of conducting proton along skeleton[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 63-68.

[18] WANG X, RAGHUPATHY R K M, QUEREBILLO C J et al. Interfacial covalent bonds regulated electron-deficient 2D black phosphorus for electrocatalytic oxygen reactions[J]. Advanced Materials(2021).

[19] LIN Y, CONNELL J W. Advances in 2D boron nitride nanostructures: nanosheets, nanoribbons, nanomeshes, and hybrids with graphene[J]. Nanoscale, 6908-6939(2012).

[20] LI Y B, QIN Y Q, CHEN K et al. Molten salt synthesis of nanolaminated Sc₂SnC MAX phase[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 773-778(2021).

[21] WANG S S, YU Y, ZHANG S Q et al. Atomic-scale studies of overlapping grain boundaries between parallel and quasi-parallel grains in low-symmetry monolayer ReS₂[J]. Matter, 2108-2123(2020).

[22] DING J H, ZHAO H R, ZHAO X P et al. How semiconductor transition metal dichalcogenides replaced graphene for enhancing anticorrosion[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 13511-13521(2019).

[23] ZHU C R, GAO D Q, DING J et al. TMD-based highly efficient electrocatalysts developed by combined computational and experimental approaches[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 4332-4356(2018).

[24] XIAO Y, ZHOU M Y, LIU J L et al. Phase engineering of two- dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides[J]. Science China Materials, 759-775(2019).

[25] LIU D Y, HONG J H, LI X B et al. Synthesis of 2H-1T′ WS₂-ReS₂ heterophase structures with atomically sharp interface via hydrogen- triggered one-pot growth[J]. Advanced Functional Materials(2020).

[26] SPLENDIANI A, SUN L, ZHANG Y B et al. Emerging photoluminescence in monolayer MoS₂[J]. Nano Letters, 1271-1275(2010).

[27] BALASUBRAMANYAM S, SHIRAZI M, BLOODGOOD M A et al. Edge-site nanoengineering of WS₂ by low-temperature plasma- enhanced atomic layer deposition for electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 5104-5115(2019).

[28] SARMA P V, KAYAL A, SHARMA C H et al. Electrocatalysis on edge-rich spiral WS₂ for hydrogen evolution[J]. ACS Nano, 10448-10455(2019).

[29] LIU J Y, JIANG X, LI X T et al. Time- and momentum-resolved image-potential states of 2H-MoS₂ surface[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 26336-26342(2021).

[30] JIANG X, ZHENG Q J, LAN Z G et al. Real-time GW-BSE investigations on spin-valley exciton dynamics in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide[J]. Science Advances, eabf3759.

[31] JING Q H, ZHANG H, HUANG H et al. Ultrasonic exfoliated ReS₂nanosheets: fabrication and use as co-catalyst for enhancing photocatalytic efficiency of TiO₂ nanoparticles under sunlight[J]. Nanotechnology(2019).

[32] LI H, YIN Z Y, HE Q Y et al. Fabrication of single- and multilayer MoS₂ film-based field-effect transistors for sensing NO at room temperature[J]. Small, 63-67(2012).

[33] ZHANG Q Y, MEI L, CAO X H et al. Intercalation and exfoliation chemistries of transition metal dichalcogenides[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 15417-15444(2020).

[34] LI S W, LIU Y C, ZHAO X D et al. Molecular engineering on MoS₂ enables large interlayers and unlocked basal planes for high- performance aqueous Zn-ion storage[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 20286-20293(2021).

[35] CHEN X Y, WANG Z M, WEI Y Z et al. High phase-purity 1T-MoS₂ ultrathin nanosheets by a spatially confined template[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 17621-17624(2019).

[36] DER VAN, HUANG P Y, CHENET D A et al. Grains and grain boundaries in highly crystalline monolayer molybdenum disulphide[J]. Nature Materials, 554-561(2013).

[37] ZHOU J D, LIN J H, HUANG X W et al. A library of atomically thin metal chalcogenides[J]. Nature, 355-359(2018).

[38] WANG S S, RONG Y M, FAN Y et al. Shape evolution of monolayer MoS₂ crystals grown by chemical vapor deposition[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 6371-6379(2014).

[39] ZHANG Y, YAO Y Y, SENDEKU M G et al. Recent progress in CVD growth of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides and related heterostructures[J]. Advanced Materials(2019).

[40] HUANG H W, LI K, CHEN Z et al. Achieving remarkable activity and durability toward oxygen reduction reaction based on ultrathin Rh-doped Pt nanowires[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 8152-8159(2017).

[41] NØRSKOV J K, ROSSMEISL J, LOGADOTTIR A et al. Origin of the overpotential for oxygen reduction at a fuel-cell cathode[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 17886-17892(2004).

[42] CUI Y, ZHOU C W, LI X Z et al. High performance electrocatalysis for hydrogen evolution reaction using nickel-doped CoS₂ nanostructures: experimental and DFT insights[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 428-435(2017).

[43] WU L F, DZADE N Y, CHEN N et al. Cu electrodeposition on nanostructured MoS₂ and WS₂and implications for HER active site determination[J]. Journal of The Electrochemical Society(2020).

[44] WANG Z W, LI W L, ZHENG Y P et al. How does the active site in the MoSe₂ surface affect its electrochemical performance as anode material for metal-ion batteries[J]. Applied Surface Science(2020).

[45] HUANG H, FENG X, DU C C et al. High-quality phosphorus- doped MoS₂ ultrathin nanosheets with amenable ORR catalytic activity[J]. Chemical Communications, 7903-7906(2015).

[46] KOH S W, HU J, HWANG J M et al. Two-dimensional palladium diselenide for the oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Materials Chemistry Frontiers, 4970-4980(2021).

[47] VATTIKUTI S V P, NAGAJYOTHI P C, DEVARAYAPALLI K C et al. Hybrid Ag/MoS₂ nanosheets for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen reduction[J]. Applied Surface Science(2020).

[48] CAO Y F, HUANG S C, PENG Z Q et al. Phase control of ultrafine FeSe nanocrystals in a N-doped carbon matrix for highly efficient and stable oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 3464-3471(2021).

[49] HUANG H, FENG X, DU C C et al. Incorporated oxygen in MoS₂ ultrathin nanosheets for efficient ORR catalysis[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 16050-16056(2015).

[50] SARKAR D, XIE X J, KANG J H et al. Functionalization of transition metal dichalcogenides with metallic nanoparticles: implications for doping and gas-sensing[J]. Nano Letters, 2852-2862(2015).

[51] CHEN E, XU W, CHEN J et al. 2D layered noble metal dichalcogenides (Pt, Pd, Se, S) for electronics and energy applications[J]. Materials Today Advances(2020).

[52] SOLOMON G, KOHAN M G, VAGIN M et al. Decorating vertically aligned MoS₂ nanoflakes with silver nanoparticles for inducing a bifunctional electrocatalyst towards oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Nano Energy(2021).

[53] UPADHYAY S N, PAKHIRA S. Mechanism of electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction at two-dimensional Pt-doped MoSe₂ material: an efficient electrocatalyst[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 11331-11342(2021).

[54] HWANG J, NOH S H, HAN B. Design of active bifunctional electrocatalysts using single atom doped transition metal dichalcogenides[J]. Applied Surface Science, 545-552(2019).

[55] SHI Y, MA Z R, XIAO Y Y et al. Electronic metal-support interaction modulates single-atom platinum catalysis for hydrogen evolution reaction[J]. Nature Communications, 3021(2021).

[56] SHI Y, WANG J, WANG C et al. Hot electron of Au nanorods activates the electrocatalysis of hydrogen evolution on MoS₂ nanosheets[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 7365-7370(2015).

[57] CHEN Z X, LENG K, ZHAO X X et al. Interface confined hydrogen evolution reaction in zero valent metal nanoparticles-intercalated molybdenum disulfide[J]. Nature Communications, 14548(2017).

[58] QI K, YU S S, WANG Q Y et al. Decoration of the inert basal plane of defect-rich MoS₂ with Pd atoms for achieving Pt-similar HER activity[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 4025-4031(2016).

[59] TIAN S F, TANG Q. Activating transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction via single atom doping[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 6040-6050(2021).

[60] ZHANG H Y, TIAN Y, ZHAO J X et al. Small dopants make big differences: enhanced electrocatalytic performance of MoS₂ monolayer for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by N- and P-doping[J]. Electrochimica Acta, 543-550(2017).

[61] LIU C, DONG H L, JI Y J et al. Origin of the catalytic activity of phosphorus doped MoS₂ for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline solution: a theoretical study[J]. Scientific Reports, 13292(2018).

[62] WANG H T, TSAI C, KONG D S et al. Transition-metal doped edge sites in vertically aligned MoS₂ catalysts for enhanced hydrogen evolution[J]. Nano Research, 566-575(2015).

[63] GAO C, RAO D W, YANG H et al. Dual transition-metal atoms doping: an effective route to promote the ORR and OER activity on MoTe₂[J]. New Journal of Chemistry, 5589-5595(2021).

[64] GONG Y J, YUAN H T, WU C L et al. Spatially controlled doping of two-dimensional SnS₂ through intercalation for electronics[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 294-299(2018).

[65] VOIRY D, YAMAGUCHI H, LI J W et al. Enhanced catalytic activity in strained chemically exfoliated WS₂ nanosheets for hydrogen evolution[J]. Nature Materials, 850-855(2013).

[66] WANG Y Y, WANG M R, LU Z S et al. Enabling multifunctional electrocatalysts by modifying the basal plane of unifunctional 1T′- MoS₂ with anchored transition metal single atoms[J]. Nanoscale, 13390-13400(2021).

[67] ZHAO B, SHEN D Y, ZHANG Z C et al. 2D metallic transition- metal dichalcogenides: structures, synthesis, properties, and applications[J]. Advanced Functional Materials(2021).

[68] SADIGHI Z, LIU J P, ZHAO L et al. Metallic MoS₂ nanosheets: multifunctional electrocatalyst for the ORR, OER and Li-O₂ batteries[J]. Nanoscale, 22549-22559(2018).

[69] LIN Y C, DUMCENCO D O, HUANG Y S et al. Atomic mechanism of the semiconducting-to-metallic phase transition in single- layered MoS₂[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 391-396(2014).

[70] LIN Y C, DUMCENCO D O, KOMSA H P et al. Properties of individual dopant atoms in single-layer MoS₂: atomic structure, migration, and enhanced reactivity[J]. Advanced Materials, 2857-2861(2014).

[71] DING W, HU L, DAI J M et al. Highly ambient-stable 1T-MoS₂ and 1T-WS₂ by hydrothermal synthesis under high magnetic fields[J]. ACS Nano, 1694-1702(2019).

[72] PRABHU P, JOSE V, LEE J M. Design strategies for development of TMD-based heterostructures in electrochemical energy systems[J]. Matter, 526-553(2020).

[73] WANG S, ZHANG D, LI B et al. Ultrastable in-plane 1T-2H MoS₂ heterostructures for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction[J]. Advanced Energy Materials(2018).

[74] YIN Y, HAN J C, ZHANG Y M et al. Contributions of phase, sulfur vacancies, and edges to the hydrogen evolution reaction catalytic activity of porous molybdenum disulfide nanosheets[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 7965-7972(2016).

[75] ZHU J, WANG Z C, DAI H et al. Boundary activated hydrogen evolution reaction on monolayer MoS₂[J]. Nature Communications, 1348(2019).

[76] MENG Y N, GAO Y, LI K et al. Vacancy-induced oxygen reduction activity in Janus transition metal dichalcogenides[J]. ChemElectroChem, 4233-4238(2020).

[77] YANG J, WANG Z Y, HUANG C X et al. Compressive strain modulation of single iron sites on helical carbon support boosts electrocatalytic oxygen reduction[J]. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 22722-22728(2021).

[78] XU X, LIANG T, KONG D et al. Strain engineering of two- dimensional materials for advanced electrocatalysts[J]. Materials Today Nano(2021).

[79] ZHAO S Y, WANG K, ZOU X L et al. Group VB transition metal dichalcogenides for oxygen reduction reaction and strain-enhanced activity governed by p-orbital electrons of chalcogen[J]. Nano Research, 925-930(2019).

[80] LI H, CONTRYMAN A W, QIAN X F et al. Optoelectronic crystal of artificial atoms in strain-textured molybdenum disulphide[J]. Nature Communications, 7381(2015).

[81] TIWARI A P, YOON Y, NOVAK T G et al. Lattice strain formation through spin-coupled shells of MoS₂ on Mo₂C for bifunctional oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts[J]. Advanced Materials Interfaces(2019).

[82] HAN C, WANG Y D, LEI Y P. Recent progress on nano-heterostructure photocatalysts for solar fuels generation[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 1121-1130(2015).

[83] MAO Y H, MA X C, WU D X et al. Interfacial polarons in van der Waals heterojunction of monolayer SnSe₂ on SrTiO₃ (001)[J]. Nano Letters, 8067-8073(2020).

[84] LIU Y, ZHAO G J, ZHANG J X et al. First-principles investigation on the interfacial interaction and electronic structure of BiVO₄/WO₃ heterostructure semiconductor material[J]. Applied Surface Science(2021).

[85] ANWAR M T, YAN X H, ASGHAR M R et al. MoS₂-rGO hybrid architecture as durable support for cathode catalyst in proton exchange membrane fuel cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Catalysis, 1160-1167(2019).

[86] LEE C, OZDEN S, TEWARI C S et al. MoS₂-carbon nanotube porous 3D network for enhanced oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ChemSusChem, 2960-2966(2018).

[87] PARK H S, HAN S B, KWAK D H et al. Sulfur-doped porphyrinic carbon nanostructures synthesized with amorphous MoS₂ for the oxygen reduction reaction in an acidic medium[J]. ChemSusChem, 2202-2209(2017).

[88] MAO J X, LIU P, DU C C et al. Tailoring 2D MoS₂ heterointerfaces for promising oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysis[J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8785-8789(2019).

[89] ROY D, PANIGRAHI K, DAS B K et al. Boron vacancy: a strategy to boost the oxygen reduction reaction of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheet in hBN-MoS₂ heterostructure[J]. Nanoscale Advances, 4739-4749(2021).

[90] KWON I S, KWAK I H, KIM J Y et al. Two-dimensional MoS₂/Fe-phthalocyanine hybrid nanostructures as excellent electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions[J]. Nanoscale, 14266-14275(2019).

[91] XIN S L, LIU Z Q, MA L et al. Visualization of the electrocatalytic activity of three-dimensional MoSe₂@reduced graphene oxide hybrid nanostructures for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. Nano Research, 3795-3811(2016).

[92] HAO L, YU J, XU X et al. Nitrogen-doped MoS₂/carbon as highly oxygen-permeable and stable catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in microbial fuel cells[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 68-79(2017).

[93] SHANG X, YAN K L, LIU Z Z et al. Oxidized carbon fiber supported vertical WS₂ nanosheets arrays as efficient 3D nanostructure electrocatalyts for hydrogen evolution reaction[J]. Applied Surface Science, 120-128(2017).

[94] CHENG C, HE B W, FAN J J et al. An inorganic/organic S-scheme heterojunction H₂-production photocatalyst and its charge transfer mechanism[J]. Advanced Materials(2021).

[95] CHEN J L, QIAN G F, ZHANG H et al. PtCo@PtSn heterojunction with high stability/activity for pH-universal H₂ evolution[J]. Advanced Functional Materials(2022).

[96] SUN L, WANG B, WANG Y D. High-temperature gas sensor based on novel Pt single atoms@SnO₂ nanorods@SiC nanosheets multi- heterojunctions[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 21808-21817(2020).

[97] HE L H, CUI B B, LIU J M et al. Fabrication of porous CoO_x/mC@MoS₂ composite Loaded on g-C₃N₄ nanosheets as a highly efficient dual electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions[J]. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 9257-9268(2018).

[98] CHUONG N D, THANH T D, KIM N H et al. Hierarchical heterostructures of ultrasmall Fe₂O₃-encapsulated MoS₂/N-graphene as an effective catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 24523-24532(2018).

[99] BAI J M, MENG T, GUO D L et al. Co₉S₈@MoS₂ core-shell heterostructures as trifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting and Zn-air batteries[J]. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 1678-1689(2018).

[100] LI W M, YU A P, HIGGINS D C et al. Biologically inspired highly durable iron phthalocyanine catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 17056-17058(2010).

[101] SAMANTA M, GHOSH S, MUKHERJEE M et al. Enhanced electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction from organic-inorganic heterostructure[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 47, 6710-6720(2022).

[102] ZHOU X L, HAO H, ZHANG Y J et al. Patterning of transition metal dichalcogenides catalyzed by surface plasmons with atomic precision[J]. Chem, 1626-1638(2021).