Fast Inspection of Saffron on the Spot Based on Cloud-Connected Portable Near-Infrared Technology

Qing LI; Xiao-jian YAN; Kui ZHAO; Lan LI; Shan-gui PENG; Xiao LUO; Yong-sheng WEN; Zhu-yun YAN

doi:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2020)10-3029-09

Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, Volume. 40, Issue 10, 3029(2020)

Fast Inspection of Saffron on the Spot Based on Cloud-Connected Portable Near-Infrared Technology

Qing LI1...1, Xiao-jian YAN1,1, Kui ZHAO1,1, Lan LI1,1, Shan-gui PENG1,1, Xiao LUO1,1, Yong-sheng WEN1,1, and Zhu-yun YAN11 |Show fewer author(s)

Author Affiliations

¹[in Chinese]

¹1. Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Herbal Medicine State, Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Systematic Research Development and Utilization of Chinese Medicine Recourses, Chengdu 611137, China

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Fig. 1. Photos of saffron and dyed adulterants

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Fig. 1. Main work diagram of cloud connected PV500R-I portable near infrared spectrometer

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Fig. 2. The raw spectra of saffron and its adulterants (a), saffron and its adulterated saffron (b)
The a, b, c, d, e, f are saffron, carthami flos, corn silk, pulp, nelumbinis stamen, chrysanthemi flos, respectively (a, b, c, d, e, f in the following chart represent the same category)

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Fig. 2. The PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterated saffron
(a), (b), (c) are the two-dimensional score graph drawn by the principle components 1 and 2, 1 and 15, 1 and 4, respectively,(d) is the result of permutation test

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Fig. 3. The PLS-DA model results of three kinds of adulterated saffron: Chrysanthemi flos, Carthami flos,Nelumbinis stamen
(a) and (b) are the two-dimensional score graph drawn by the principle components 1 and 2, 1 and 4, respectively, (c) is the result of permutation test

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Fig. 3. The PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants
(a), (b), (c), (d) are the two-dimensional score graph drawn by the principle components 1 and 2, 2 and 4, 1 and 7, 2 and 6, respectively,(e) is the result of permutation test

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Fig. 4. Regression coefficient between the variables and performance of the optimal PLSR quantitative prediction model of five kinds of adulterated saffron under the condition of full band
(a): Chrysanthemi flos; (b): nelumbinis; (c): Pulp; (d): Corn silk; (e): Under the condition of full band

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Fig. 4. The external prediction results of the optimal PLSR quantitative prediction model for the adulterantsof carthami flos (a), chrysanthemi flos (b), nelumbinis stamen (c), pulp (d) and corn silk (e)

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Table 1. PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron developed using original data and datas obtained by five different data preprocessing under the condition of full-spectra. Bold characters represent the optimal model

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Table 1. PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron developed using original data and datas obtained by five different data preprocessing under the condition of full-spectra. Bold characters represent the optimal model

模型	数据	LV	R²X	R²Y	Q²	内部预测准确率/%	外部预测准确率/%
西红花与其伪品	原始数据	13	0.1	0.841	0.733	100	100
	1阶导	8	0.999	0.713	0.667	98	100
	2阶导	6	0.965	0.650	0.580	97	100
	3阶导	10	1	0.689	0.587	98	98
	MSC	7	0.878	0.698	0.578	98	98
	SNV	12	1	0.772	0.653	99	98
西红花与其掺伪品	原始数据	17	1	0.739	0.527	91	89
	1阶导	7	0.989	0.460	0.368	81	79
	2阶导	6	0.879	0.383	0.276	70	70
	3阶导	10	0.936	0.480	0.284	79	74
	MSC	7	0.995	0.387	0.191	78	77
	SNV	7	0.991	0.396	0.259	77	74
三类西红花掺伪品	原始数据	5	1	0.632	0.554	98	96
	1阶导	8	0.463	0.459	0.337	80	76
	2阶导	4	0.632	0.675	0.539	93	90
	3阶导	6	0.835	0.690	0.506	93	90
	MSC	5	0.654	R²Y	0.333	64	64
	SNV	4	0.633	0.841	0.336	67	64

Table 1. The source and number information of saffron and its adulterants

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Table 1. The source and number information of saffron and its adulterants

样品名称	来源	数量
西红花	伊朗	40
西红花	上海	5
西红花	浙江建德	5
西红花	安徽亳州	5
西红花	河南永城	5
红花	成都市荷花池中药材市场	43
菊花	成都市荷花池中药材市场	20
莲须	成都市荷花池中药材市场	20
玉米须	农贸市场	20
纸浆	自制	20

Table 2. The best PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron under the condition of full-spectra. Detailed results can be seen in table 1 of Supplementary Material

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Table 2. The best PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron under the condition of full-spectra. Detailed results can be seen in table 1 of Supplementary Material

模型	数据	LV	R²X	R²Y	Q²	内部预测准确率/%	外部预测准确率/%
西红花与其伪品	原始数据	13	1	0.841	0.733	100	100
西红花与其掺伪品	原始数据	17	1	0.739	0.527	91	89
三类西红花掺伪品	原始数据	5	1	0.632	0.554	98	96

Table 2. The misclassfication table of best PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron

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Table 2. The misclassfication table of best PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron

最优模型		Members	Correct	a	b	c	d	e	f	No class
西红花与伪品	a	20	100	20	0	0	0	0	0	0
	b	9	100	0	9	0	0	0	0	0
	c	14	100	0	0	14	0	0	0	0
	d	6	100	0	0	0	6	0	0	0
	e	6	100	0	0	0	0	6	0	0
	f	6	100	0	0	0	0	0	6	0
	No class	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
西红花与掺伪品	a	15	100	15	0	0	0	0	0	0
	b	15	80	0	12	0	0	2	1	0
	c	15	100	0	0	15	0	0	0	0
	d	15	93	0	0	0	14	0	1	0
	e	15	60	4	1	0	0	9	1	0
	f	15	100	0	0	0	0	0	15	0
	No class	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
三类西红花掺伪品 (菊花、红花和莲须)	a	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	/
	b	15	100	/	15	/	/	0	0	0
	c	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	/
	d	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	/	/
	e	15	93	/	1	/	/	14	0	0
	f	15	100	/	0	/	/	0	15	0
	No class	0	0	/	0	/	/0	0	0

Table 3. The PLSR quantitative prediction model results of five kinds of adulterated saffron, i.e. carthami flos, chrysanthemi flos, nelumbinis stamen, pulp, corn silk, were developed using original data and datas obtained by five different data preprocessing under the condition of full-spectra. Bold characters represent the optimal model

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Table 3. The PLSR quantitative prediction model results of five kinds of adulterated saffron, i.e. carthami flos, chrysanthemi flos, nelumbinis stamen, pulp, corn silk, were developed using original data and datas obtained by five different data preprocessing under the condition of full-spectra. Bold characters represent the optimal model

伪品	数据前处理		LV		校正集				交叉验证集				预测集
伪品	数据前处理		LV		RMSCE		R²		RMSECV			R²	RMSEP		R²
红花	原始数据		3		0.042		0.926		0.045			0.919	0.044		0.920
	1阶导		2		0.047		0.898		0.049			0.868	0.051		0.864
	2阶导		6		0.049		0.875		0.057			0.812	0.0524		0.857
	3阶导		2		0.054		0.849		0.056			0.821	0.055		0.822
	MSC		3		0.052		0.832		0.057			0.821	0.053		0.832
	SNV		3		0.052		0.831		0.054			0.828	0.053		0.831
菊花		原始数据		2		0.013		0.992		0.019	0.986		0.013	0.992
		1阶导		2		0.013		0.993		0.015	0.989		0.013	0.993
		2阶导		2		0.013		0.993		0.017	0.988		0.014	0.991
		3阶导		2		0.015		0.989		0.021	0.982		0.019	0.983
		MSC		6		0.013		0.992		0.042	0.928		0.047	0.977
		SNV		4		0.017		0.986		0.040	0.934		0.040	0.924
莲须		原始数据		3		0.049		0.890		0.064	0.834		0.058	0.845
		1阶导		2		0.005		0.999		0.006	0.998		0.005	0.999
		2阶导		2		0.005		0.999		0.007	0.998		0.006	0.998
		3阶导		2		0.005		0.999		0.007	0.998		0.011	0.995
		MSC		3		0.062		0.822		0.126	0.363		0.064	0.811
		SNV		4		0.010		0.995		0.017	0.989		0.029	0.960
玉米须		原始数据		3		0.126		0.267		0.144	0.158		0.125	0.278
		1阶导		2		0.015		0.990		0.017	0.988		0.014	0.990
		2阶导		2		0.012		0.993		0.015	0.991		0.013	0.992
		3阶导		2		0.016		0.988		0.019	0.984		0.016	0.988
		MSC		2		0.040		0.927		0.079	0.746		0.058	0.842
		SNV		5		0.017		0.986		0.070	0.801		0.035	0.941
纸浆		原始数据		5		0.060		0.831		0.136	0.258		0.095	0.580
		1阶导		3		0.021		0.979		0.036	0.948		0.041	0.924
		2阶导		3		0.036		0.937		0.046	0.916		0.051	0.877
		3阶导		4		0.037		0.937		0.046	0.916		0.051	0.876
		MSC		2		0.073		0.755		0.079	0.746		0.103	0.505
		SNV		3		0.072		0.758		0.079	0.748		0.102	0.518

Table 3. The best PLSR quantitative prediction model results of five kinds of adulterated saffron, i.e. carthami flos, chrysanthemi flos, nelumbinis stamen, pulp, corn silk, under the condition of full-spectra. Detailed results can be seen in table 3 of Supplementary Material

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Table 3. The best PLSR quantitative prediction model results of five kinds of adulterated saffron, i.e. carthami flos, chrysanthemi flos, nelumbinis stamen, pulp, corn silk, under the condition of full-spectra. Detailed results can be seen in table 3 of Supplementary Material

伪品	数据前处理	LV	校正集		交叉验证集		预测集
伪品	数据前处理	LV	RMSCE	R²	RMSECV	R²	RMSEP	R²
红花	原始数据	3	0.042	0.926	0.045	0.919	0.044	0.920
菊花	2阶导	2	0.013	0.993	0.017	0.989	0.014	0.993
莲须	1阶导	2	0.005	0.999	0.006	0.998	0.005	0.999
纸浆	1阶导	3	0.021	0.979	0.036	0.948	0.041	0.924
玉米须	2阶导	2	0.012	0.993	0.015	0.991	0.013	0.992

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Qing LI, Xiao-jian YAN, Kui ZHAO, Lan LI, Shan-gui PENG, Xiao LUO, Yong-sheng WEN, Zhu-yun YAN. Fast Inspection of Saffron on the Spot Based on Cloud-Connected Portable Near-Infrared Technology[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis, 2020, 40(10): 3029

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Paper Information

Category: Research Articles

Received: May. 11, 2020

Accepted: --

Published Online: Jun. 18, 2021

The Author Email:

DOI:10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2020)10-3029-09

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. The source and number information of saffron and its adulterants

Table 1. The source and number information of saffron and its adulterants

Table 2. The best PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron under the condition of full-spectra. Detailed results can be seen in table 1 of Supplementary Material

Table 2. The best PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron under the condition of full-spectra. Detailed results can be seen in table 1 of Supplementary Material

Table 2. The misclassfication table of best PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron

Table 2. The misclassfication table of best PLS-DA model results of saffron and its adulterants, saffron and its adulterated saffron, three kinds of adulterated saffron

Table 3. The best PLSR quantitative prediction model results of five kinds of adulterated saffron, i.e. carthami flos, chrysanthemi flos, nelumbinis stamen, pulp, corn silk, under the condition of full-spectra. Detailed results can be seen in table 3 of Supplementary Material

Table 3. The best PLSR quantitative prediction model results of five kinds of adulterated saffron, i.e. carthami flos, chrysanthemi flos, nelumbinis stamen, pulp, corn silk, under the condition of full-spectra. Detailed results can be seen in table 3 of Supplementary Material

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