Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of different MXene structures^[18]

Fig. 2. Etching preparation of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene (taking Ti₃C₂T_x as an example). (a) Diagram of the Ti₃AlC₂ etching process^[9]; scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of (b) Ti₃AlC₂ MAX phase, (c) multi-layered Ti₃C₂T_x, and (d) mono-layer Ti₃C₂T_x^[26]

Fig. 3. Preparation strategies of MXene-based composite fibers. (a) Coating method^[34]; (b) biscrolling method^[35]; (c) electrostatic spinning method^[36]; (d) wet spinning method^[38]

Fig. 4. Rheological properties of liquid crystal of MXene^[39]. (a) Relationship between MXene ink mass concentration, sheet size, and I-N phase transitions based on theoretical calculations; (b) polarized optical microscopy (POM) images of Ti₃C₂T_x inks with different mass concentrations; (c) shear rheology of Ti₃C₂T_x liquid crystal dispersions with different mass concentrations; (d) relationship between shear stress and a shear rate of Ti₃C₂T_x dispersions; (e) relationship between G′/G″ ratio and mass concentration of Ti₃C₂T_x dispersions

Fig. 5. Wet spinning of pure MXene. (a) Schematic diagram of the wet spinning plant for the preparation of pure MXene fibres^[39]; (b)digital photograph of NH₄⁺ ions induced gelation of Ti₃C₂T_x MXene dispersion^[44]; schematic diagram of (c) wet-spinning preparation process of highly oriented flat Ti₃C₂T_x fibres and (d) their fibre formation principle ^[45]

Fig. 6. Wet spinning of MXene-based composite fibers. (a) Schematic diagram of the MXene/GO fibers wet spinning process^[48]; cross-sectional SEM images of MXene/GO fibers prepared from IPA∶water of (b) 9∶1 and (c) 1∶3 in a solidification bath; (d) schematic diagram of a wet spinning unit for Ti₃C₂T_x/PEDOT∶PSS composite fibres^[49]

Fig. 7. Coaxial wet spinning of aramid nanofibers@MXene fibers^[50]. (a) Schematic diagram of the manufacture of core-shell ANF@MXene fibers by coaxial wet spinning; (b) schematic representation of the protonation process of ANFs and the interfacial interaction between MXene and ANF; (c)(d) cross-section SEM images of tensile fractured ANF@MXene fibers; (e) comparison of tensile strength and toughness of pure MXene fibers and ANF@MXene fibers

Fig. 8. MXene fibers in multifunctional fabrics and sensors. (a) Glove with four integrated fiber-based supercapacitors^[45]; (b) photograph of a disposable medical sensing mask breathing^[60]; (c) MXene/rGO blend fibres are woven into the garment jacket and connected to a multimeter^[61]; (d) comparison of gas response performance of MXene films, rGO fibers, and MXene/rGO hybrid fibers (40% MXene)^[61]

Fig. 9. Applocations of MXene fibres for electromagnetic shielding and wireless communication. (a) Schematic diagram of the integrated application of textiles in wearable electromagnetic interference shielding and electrical heating^[56]; (b) EMI shielding efficiency of RC@GM fibre fabrics with different numbers of layers^[56]; (c) EMI shielding mechanism of RC@GM fibre fabrics^[56]; Ti₃C₂T_x MXene fibres used as (d) wires and (e) headphone cables^[38]; (f) diagram of the manufacturing process, (g) digital photograph, and (h) return loss frequency curves in the shrunken state (infrared light on) and in the relaxed state (infrared light off) of the MXene@A springs^[62]