High-quality photonic materials are important basis for the development of integrated photonics. In recent years, integrated silicon-based chalcogenide photonic devices have been widely researched for optical information processing chips and systematic application. This paper reviews the influencing relationships among chalcogenide glass (ChG) materials, integrated photonic devices, and systematic application. Then, we outlines the technical route of preparing integrated chalcogenide photonic devices with ultra-low loss and the latest research progress of such devices in optical information processing. Integrated chalcogenide photonic devices show great advantages, such as multi-spectrum, low threshold, and multi-functional integration, in their application in optical information processing as ChGs are characterized by ultra-broadband transmission window, high Kerr nonlinearity, large photoelastic coefficient, and readiness for on-chip hybrid integration. Finally, on the basis of the characteristics of chalcogenide materials, this paper presents the opportunities and challenges for integrated chalcogenide photonic devices in future multifunctional integrated photonic devices and their application in high-speed optical information processing.