Fig. 1. (a) Resonance phase based on the size of H-type antenna structure^[29]; (b) Geometric phases based on the rotation of superstructure atoms within a unit period^[30]; (c) Transmission phase based on the size of the columnar nanostructure^[31]; (d) Detour phase based on the relative displacement of the superstructure atoms in the unit period^[32]

Fig. 2. (a) Amplitude-only holography based on subwavelength nanopore diffraction^[36]; (b) High efficient phase-only holography based on geometric phase^[13]; (c) Hidden metasurface of the polarized image in the laser beam based on Marius's law^[37]

Fig. 3. (a) Complex amplitude holographic display based on X-type atom^[50]; (b) A color-coded image combining polarization and wavelength^[55]; (c) Color filter combining polarization and wavelength^[56]; (d) Colorful holograms combining phase and wavelength^[59]; (e) Vector holography based on metal orthogonal diatomics and display of arbitrary polarization states^[70]; (f) Vector holographic encryption combining phase and polarization^[71]

Fig. 4. (a) Color nano-printing and full-color holographic images that simultaneously control amplitude, phase, and wavelength^[74];（b）Color coded letters that simultaneously control wavelength, phase, and polarization^[76];（c）Holographic optical real-time encryption device for microprints and spiral multiplexing that imultaneously control amplitude, phase and polarization^[78];（d）Full-color complex amplitude hologram that simultaneously controls amplitude, phase, polarization and multiplexes wavelength^[82]

Fig. 5. (a) Dual holographic display based on the switch between crystalline state and amorphous state under thermal stimulation of GST phase change material^[88]; (b) Dynamic holographic and optical information encryption based on hydrogenation/dehydrogenation chemical reactions^[93]; (c) Multiplex holographic display based on polydimethylsiloxane elastic substrate^[95]

Fig. 6. (a) Optical information encryption based on the second harmonic nonlinear metasurface^[106]; (b) Anti-surveillance metasurface based on thermal disturbance^[107]; （c） Electromagnetic reprogrammable coding metasurface holograms^[108]