1. Over-view on the application and modification strategies of hard carbon in Li/Na ion batteries

2. Formation scheme of hard carbon, soft carbon and graphite^[3]

3. Biomass carbon precursors and their properties

4. (a) Three different mechanisms of lithium/sodium ion storage in hard carbon^[28], and (b) four different models of sodium storage in hard carbon^[39]

5. Hard carbon in fast-charging application

6. Hard carbon as coating layer for anode

7. Doping and pre-oxidation strategies

8. (a) Schematic showing the control of the nanopores in a typical porous carbon (left) to produce molecular sieve carbon (right), and comparison between their different IEDLs, charge/discharge curves for first two cycles of (b) porous carbon and (c) molecular seive carbon anodes^[66]

9. Strategies for improving initial Coulombic efficiency