In the post-Moore era, as traditional semiconductor technology approaches its physical limits, Two-dimensional (2D) materials have become a hot topic of research due to their unique physical properties. These materials, such as graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, and black phosphorus, have garnered widespread attention in fields like materials science, condensed matter physics, and chemistry due to their strong exciton dipole moment, narrow linewidth, low disorder, and high binding energy. These characteristics give 2D materials potential applications in electronic devices, optoelectronics, and energy storage. Despite their excellent performance, their stability and reliability in practical applications, especially under extreme conditions, and particularly the impact of ionizing radiation on their performance, remain an issue that has not been fully resolved. Ionizing radiation, such as X-rays, gamma rays, and particle beams, can cause damage to materials, affecting their electronic structure and physical properties. Recent research has found that during the interaction between ionizing radiation and 2D materials, 2D materials undergo a series of significant changes. These changes include the formation of defects, doping at the atomic level, adjustment of interlayer spacing, and morphological transformations. These changes not only provide new possibilities for controlling the performance of 2D materials but also reveal how radiation-induced defects and doping can alter the material's electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. The occurrence of these phenomena is mainly due to the complex interactions between incident ions and the target materials. This interaction is influenced by various factors, including the type of irradiation, ion species, irradiation parameters, types of 2D materials, and substrates. This article delves into and summarizes the impact of these factors on the microstructure and performance of 2D materials. The results show that the type and energy of radiation play a crucial role in determining the performance of 2D material devices. Appropriate radiation parameters can enhance material performance, for example, by introducing beneficial doping or adjusting interlayer spacing to optimize electron mobility. However, excessive radiation may lead to a decline in performance, such as excessive defect formation that could destroy the material's electronic structure. By precisely controlling radiation parameters, effective modulation of 2D material performance can be achieved. This modulation provides a new dimension for material design, allowing researchers to optimize material performance according to specific application needs. As researchers delve into the mechanisms of radiation defect generation and regulation in 2D semiconductor materials and new types of porous materials, our understanding of the mechanisms of ionizing radiation interacting with low-dimensional materials deepens, giving rise to a series of new concepts such as radiation defect/strain engineering, bringing new research directions to the field of materials science. Compared with traditional chemical methods, ionizing radiation technology has a series of advantages, such as universality, uniformity, flexibility, non-contact, no introduction of other chemical contamination, and compatibility with integrated circuit manufacturing. These advantages make ionizing radiation technology highly promising in material modification. Modified 2D materials have significant application prospects in fields such as optics, electrocatalysis, and battery electrodes. For instance, in photolithography technology, precise control of radiation parameters can achieve fine patterning of photoresists, thus enabling the fabrication of smaller electronic devices. In the field of sensors, radiation treatment can enhance the sensitivity and selectivity of materials, allowing them to detect lower concentrations of chemical substances. Finally, the article looks forward to its application prospects and challenges in the fields of space exploration, energy, and defense.