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Journal of Inorganic Materials, Volume. 37, Issue 4, 361(2022)

Research Progress on MXenes: Preparation, Property and Application in Tumor Theranostics

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MXenes schematic composition[14]
1. MXenes schematic composition[14]

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Schematic preparation methods for MXenes and products prepared by chemical vapor deposition
2. Schematic preparation methods for MXenes and products prepared by chemical vapor deposition

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(a) Schematic diagrams of Ti3C2 nanoparticles on PTT in 4T1 tumor bearing nude mice[30] and (b) Nb2C nanosheets for PTT in vivo under NIR-I and NIR-II[28]
3. (a) Schematic diagrams of Ti3C2 nanoparticles on PTT in 4T1 tumor bearing nude mice[30] and (b) Nb2C nanosheets for PTT in vivo under NIR-I and NIR-II[28]

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Schematic diagrams of (a) Ti3C2 nanomaterials loaded with DOX for tumor PTT/PDT/CHEMO combined therapy[29], (b) DOX@Ti3C2-SP nanomaterials for tumor PTT/CHEMO combined therapy[32], and (c) Ti3C2@Met@CP nanomaterials for tumor PTT/PDT/CHEMO combined therapy[57]
4. Schematic diagrams of (a) Ti3C2 nanomaterials loaded with DOX for tumor PTT/PDT/CHEMO combined therapy[29], (b) DOX@Ti3C2-SP nanomaterials for tumor PTT/CHEMO combined therapy[32], and (c) Ti3C2@Met@CP nanomaterials for tumor PTT/PDT/CHEMO combined therapy[57]

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Schematic illustrations for (a) combined therapy on HCC cells as assisted by DOX@Ti3C2@mMSNs-RGD at the cell level[58], (b) CTAC@Nb2C-MSN-PEG-RGD composite nanomaterials releaseing CTAC under the action of PTT for combined treatment of tumor[59], (c) AIPH@Nb2C@Si composite nanomaterials generating free radicals under the action of PTT[60], and (d) Nb2C-MSNs-SNO composite nanomaterials releasing NO under the action of PTT for combined treatment of tumor[61]
5. Schematic illustrations for (a) combined therapy on HCC cells as assisted by DOX@Ti3C2@mMSNs-RGD at the cell level[58], (b) CTAC@Nb2C-MSN-PEG-RGD composite nanomaterials releaseing CTAC under the action of PTT for combined treatment of tumor[59], (c) AIPH@Nb2C@Si composite nanomaterials generating free radicals under the action of PTT[60], and (d) Nb2C-MSNs-SNO composite nanomaterials releasing NO under the action of PTT for combined treatment of tumor[61]

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Schematic diagrams of (a) MnOx/Ti3C2[64], (b) Ta4C3-IONP[62], (c) MIG[65], (d) GdW10@Ti3C2[66], and (e) Ti3C2@Au[67] composite nanomaterials in tumor theranostics
6. Schematic diagrams of (a) MnOx/Ti3C2[64], (b) Ta4C3-IONP[62], (c) MIG[65], (d) GdW10@Ti3C2[66], and (e) Ti3C2@Au[67] composite nanomaterials in tumor theranostics

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Schematic diagrams of the application of MXenes nanomaterials in (a) biosensing[81] and (b) bone tissue engineering[82]
7. Schematic diagrams of the application of MXenes nanomaterials in (a) biosensing[81] and (b) bone tissue engineering[82]

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  • Table 1. Summary of preparation methods of MXenes

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    Table 1. Summary of preparation methods of MXenes

    Preparation methodAdvantagesDisadvantagesRef.
    HF acid etchingSimpleUsing highly corrosive and harmful HF[11]
    Fluoride saltMilder reaction conditions; Safer than that of HF acid etchingDifficult to prepare nitride MXenes[36-37]
    Molten saltPreparing nitride MXenes and preparing MXenes through non-MAX materialsRequiring inert protective gas, under high temperature condition[19,38]
    Alkali assisted hydrothermalPreparing MXenes without fluorine functional groupsHigh concentration of NaOH, requiring inert protective gas, under high temperature condition[39]
    Chemical vapor depositionPrecise controlling element composition, size and surface groupsDifficult to prepare large-sized MXenes[41]

  • Table 2. First application of MXenes in PTT on tumor

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    Table 2. First application of MXenes in PTT on tumor

    MXenes materialFirst report time NIR range Wavelength /nm Extinction coefficient/(L·g-1·cm-1) Photothermal conversion efficiency/%NIR power /(W·cm-2) Irradiation time /min Temperature range/℃ Ref.
    Ti3C22016/10NIR-I80825.2-0.8523.5-60.054
    Nb2C 2017/10NIR-I80837.636.51.5525.0-60.028
    NIR-II106435.446.651.5525.0-60.0
    Ta4C32017/11NIR-I8088.6734.92.0532.5-65.0[27]
    Ti2C 2019/01NIR-I8087.3987.12.0225.5-93.8[48]
    Mo2C 2019/04NIR-I80818.024.51.01025.0-57.8[49]
    NIR-II106412.343.31.01025.0-62.3
    V2C 2020/01NIR-I80838.348.50.481024.0-57.9[50]
    Ti2N 2020/11NIR-I80841.2548.621.0525.0-60.0[51]
    NIR-II106434.9245.511.0525.0-60.0

  • Table 3. MXenes for application in tumor theranostics

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    Table 3. MXenes for application in tumor theranostics

    MXenesReport timeCell linesTreatment strategy Diagnosis strategy Molecule for targeting Ref.
    Ti3C22016/104T1PTT--[54]
    Ti3C2-SP 2016/124T1PTT--[30]
    MnOx/Ti3C2-SP 2017/084T1PTTPA/MR-[64]
    Nb2C-PVP 2017/104T1PTTPA-[28]
    Ti3C22017/10HeLa/MCF-7/U251/HEK293PTTPA-[68]
    Ti3C2-DOX 2017/11HCT-116PTT/PDT/CHEMO-HA[29]
    MnOx/Ta4C3-SP 2017/114T1PTTMR/CT/PA-[27]
    Ta4C3-SP 2017/124T1PTTPA/CT-[69]
    GdW10@Ti3C22018/014T1PTTCT/MR-[66]
    DOX@Ti3C2-SP 2018/024T1PTT/CHEMOPA-[32]
    Ta4C3-IONP-SP 2018/024T1PTTCT/MR-[62]
    DOX@Ti3C2@mMSNs- RGD 2018/04SMMC-7721PTT/CHEMO-RGD[58]
    CTAC@Nb2C-MSN-PEG-RGD 2018/08U87PTT/CHEMOPARGD[59]
    Ti3C2@Au 2018/124T1PTT/RTPA/CT-[67]
    A@Nb2C@Si 2019/014T1PTT/CHEMOPA-[60]
    Ti2C 2019/01A375/HaCaT/MCF-7/MCF-10APTT--[48]
    Mo2C 2019/044T1PTT--[49]
    Mo2C@C 2019/04HepG2/HUVEC/IOSE80PTT/PDTPA/CT-[70]
    Au/Ti3C22019/06MCF-7PTT--[71]
    Au/Fe3O4/Ti3C22019/06MCF-7PTT--[71]
    MIG(Ti3C2-IONP@PEG-GOD) 2019/104T1PTT/CHEMOMR-[65]
    Nb2C-MSNs-SNO 2019/114T1PTT/CHEMOPA-[61]
    Ti2N 2019/11MCF-7/A365/MCF-10A/HaCaTPDT--[72]
    V2C 2020/01MCF-7PTT--[50]
    TO-MX(Ti3C2/Ti2O3) 2020/02A375/HaCaT/MCF-7/MCF-10APDT--[73]
    PVP/Nb2C 2020/044T1PTT--[74]
    Nb2C/zein 2020/044T1PTT--[75]
    NMQDs-Ti3C2Tx2020/04ADSCs/HeLa/MCF-7PDT/CHEMO--[76]
    Nb2C/PLL 2020/05A375/HaCaTPDT--[77]
    Nb4C3/PLL 2020/05A375/HaCaTPDT--[77]
    Ti3C2@Met@CP 2020/06MDA-MB-231PTT/PDT/CHEMO--[57]
    DOX@Ti3C2-CoNWs 2020/064T1PTT/CHEMO--[78]
    Ti3C2/CA4@PLEL 2020/064T1/HUVECsPTT/CHEMO--[79]
    Ti2N 2020/114T1/U87/293TPTTPA-[51]
    MXene(Ti3C2)-DOX 2021/01HeLaPTT/PDT/CHEMO--[80]
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. Research Progress on MXenes: Preparation, Property and Application in Tumor Theranostics[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2022, 37(4): 361

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Paper Information

Category: REVIEW

Received: May. 10, 2020

Accepted: --

Published Online: Jan. 10, 2023

The Author Email:

DOI:10.15541/jim20210299

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