Journal of Inorganic Materials, Volume. 39, Issue 6, 591(2024)
Figures & Tables(14)
1. Morphologies of HECs powders synthesized by several typical methods
2. SEM images and corresponding EDS element mappings of (TiZrNbTaW)C ceramics prepared by three typical processes[67]
3. (a, b) SEM and (c-e) TEM images of nearly equimolar (TiNbTaCrW)C films deposited at 300 and 600 ℃[71]
4. Hardness-depth curves of the (ZrHfNbTa)C and mono, binary carbides ceramics[18]
5. Fracture toughness and Vickers hardness of HECs compared to related materials[19]
6. Thermal conductivity of carbides with different numbers of metals at room temperature[15]
7. Weight gain curves for (TiZrHfNbTa)C and ZrC at 1200 ℃ in water vapor condition[125]
8. TG-DSC curves and SEM images after oxidation of (ZrHfNbTa)C, ZrC, NbC, HfC, TaC and (Hf-Ta)C powders[15]
9. Elemental enrichment in the ablation transition region of (TiZrHfNbTa)C0.8N0.2[129]
10. Schematic diagram of the ablation mechanism of (TiZrHfNbTa)C during oxyacetylene ablation flame (2000 ℃)[56]
Table 1. EFA values of 9 experimentally validated HECs[31]
View tableView in ArticleTable 1. EFA values of 9 experimentally validated HECs[31]
Composition EFA/(eV/atom)-1 Phase (VNbTaMoW)C 125 Single-phase (TiZrHfNbTa)C 100 Single-phase (TiHfVNbTa)C 100 Single-phase (TiVNbTaW)C 77 Single-phase (TiHfNbTaW)C 67 Single-phase (TiZrHfTaW)C 50 Single-phase (ZrHfTaMoW)C 45 Multi-phase (TiZrHfMoW)C 38 Multi-phase (ZrHfVMoW)C 37 Multi-phase
Table 2. Typical HECs synthesis methods and characteristics
View tableView in ArticleTable 2. Typical HECs synthesis methods and characteristics
Synthesizing method Composition (lattice parameter) Starting materials Synthesizing conditions Grain size Oxygen content/ % (in mass) Mechanical alloying[ 32 -33 ](TiZrHfVNb)C (0.4496 nm) (TiZrHfVTa)C (0.4495 nm) (TiZrHfNbTa)C (0.4526 nm) (TiZrVNbTa)C (0.4440 nm) (TiHfVNbTa)C (0.4425 nm) (ZrHfVNbTa)C (0.4493 nm) Transition metals + Graphite powder 50-70 h 2.5 nm 2.4 nm 3.3 nm 4.0 nm 3.2 nm 3.0 nm - Carbothermal reduction method[ 34 -35 ](TiZrHfNbTa)C (0.4524 nm) Metal oxides + Graphite powder or carbon black Carbothermal reduction (CTR) 1600 ℃, 1 h; Solid solution (SS) 2000 ℃, 1.5 h 550 nm 0.2 (TiZrHfNbTa)C (0.4503 nm) 2200 ℃, 1 h 0.5-2 μm - Molten salt synthesis[ 36 ](TiVNbTa)C (0.4468 nm) Metal carbides + Molten salt media KCl 1300 ℃, 1 h 50-110 nm - Liquid precursors method[ 37 -38 ](TiZrHfNbTa)C (-) Metal chlorides + Furfuryl alcohol CTR 1400 ℃, 1 h; SS 2000 ℃, 1 h 132 nm 0.22 (TiZrHfTa)C (0.4529 nm) Equiatomic metal containing monomers + Allyl-functional novolac resin 1800 ℃, 2 h ~100 nm - Direct synthetic method[ 39 ](TiZrHfNbTa)C (0.4508 nm) Metal carbides 1950 ℃, 5 min (SPS) ~2 μm -
Table 3. Common Preparation methods and properties of H ECs ceramics and coatings
View tableView in ArticleTable 3. Common Preparation methods and properties of H ECs ceramics and coatings
Table 4. Complex oxides that could form in the HECs systems based on a review of available phase diagrams
View tableView in ArticleTable 4. Complex oxides that could form in the HECs systems based on a review of available phase diagrams
Element Ti Zr Hf Nb Ta Ti TiO2 HfTiO4[ 137 ]Zr ZrTiO4[ 138 ]ZrO2 (Hf, Zr)O2[ 139 ]Hf HfO2 V ZrV2O7 VNb9O25[ 140 ]VTa9O25[ 141 ]Nb Nb2TiO7[ 142 ]Nb10Ti2O29[ 142 ]Nb6Ti2O19[ 142 ]TiNb6O17[ 143 ]Zr6Nb2O17[ 135 ]Hf6Nb2O17[ 119 ]Nb2O5 Ta TiTa2O7[ 144 ]ZrTa6O17[ 145 ]Zr6Ta2O19[ 145 ]Hf6Ta2O17[ 134 ]Nb4Ta2O15[ 146 ]Ta2O5 Mo W ZrW2O8[ 147 ]HfW2O8[ 147 ]
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Feiyan CAI, Dewei NI, Shaoming DONG.
Paper Information
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Received: Dec. 6, 2023
Accepted: --
Published Online: Jul. 31, 2024
The Author Email: NI Dewei (deweini@mail.sic.ac.cn), DONG Shaoming (smdong@mail.sic.ac.cn)
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