Fig. 1. (Color online) Schematic illustration of ion-modulation optoelectronic neuromorphic devices in terms of mechanisms, materials and characteristics, and applications. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [42]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright 2023, The American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Fig. 2. (Color online) The behaviors and mechanisms of ion modulation by optical field in optoelectronic neuromorphic devices. (a) Illumination reduces the ionic activation energy of migration. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [39]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. (b) Phonon excitations caused by light absorption activates ionic diffusion. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [52]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. (c) Illumination facilitates Ni atoms to charge and discharge. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. (d) Illumination promotes the oxygen vacancies to capture and release charges. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [53]. Copyright 2024, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 3. (Color online) The characteristics of optoelectronic neuromorphic devices based on ion migration with different materials. (a) A schematic of optical switching in mixed-dimensionality nanoscale perovskite heterojunctions, the PPC characteristics under different materials, and the photocurrent for FAPbBr₃ NC/SWCNT phototransistor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [66]. Copyright 2021, The American Association for the Advancement of Science. (b) A schematic of tin oxide nanorod array with its cyclic stability and photoresponse characteristics. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [67]. Copyright 2023, American Chemical Society. (c) A schematic of the bionic self-driven retinomorphic eye with ionogel photosynaptic retina, along with its response to wavelength and intensity of light. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [68]. Copyright 2024, Springer Nature.

Fig. 4. (Color online) The characteristics of optoelectronic neuromorphic devices based on the capture and release of charges with different materials. (a) Schematic diagram of the Au/Cs₂AgBiBr₆/Au device and its current variation with light exposure time and wavelength, mimicking excitatory and inhibitory synaptic plasticity. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry. (b) Schematic diagram of the NiO/TiO₂-based optoelectronic multistate memristor crossbar array and its cycling reliability and multi-level retention characteristics. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [40]. Copyright 2024, American Chemical Society. (c) Schematic diagram of the artificial optoelectronic synapse based on an ITO/Nb:SrTiO₃ heterostructure and its photoresponse characteristics with the different illumination time, light wavelengths and number of pulsed light stimuli. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [84]. Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society.

Fig. 5. (Color online) Applications of optoelectronic neuromorphic devices in artificial vision systems. (a) Artificial vision system with signal preprocessing and motion recognition. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [91]. Copyright 2024, American Association for the Advancement of Science. (b) The POASPT arrays with the fuction of distinguishing and remembering colors. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [92]. Copyright 2021, Wiley-VCH. (c) Artificial vision system with facial recognition function. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [43]. Copyright 2023, Springer Nature. (d) All-optical bidirectional synapse device for digital recognition. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [93]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. (e) Artificial vision system for complex image classification. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [94]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH.

Fig. 6. (Color online) Applications of optoelectronic neuromorphic devices in neuromorphic computing and other biomimetic fields. (a) The Pavlovian classical conditioned reflex experiments realized by optoelectronic co-stimulation. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [44]. Copyright 2023, Elsevier. (b) The sensitization behavior simulated by all-oxide-based artificial photonic nociceptor. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [103]. Copyright 2019, Wiley-VCH. (c) The reconfiguring of the cognition functions by optogenetics simulated by an AOC memristive array. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. Copyright 2023, Royal Society of Chemistry.