Yb3+ doped crystal material, an important laser material, has promising applications in the fields of ultra short pulse laser and high power laser. However, it was very difficult to determine the crystal field parameters of Yb3+, especially of the hosts with low- symmetry. Ab-initio calculation was an important way to solve this problem. In this paper, the ab-initio DV-Xα method and the effective Hamiltonian model were introduced, which was suitable for calculating rare earth ion doped in hosts. With the ab-initio DV-Xα method and effective Hamiltonian model, the crystal field parameters of Yb3+ doped in the tantalite and niobate with M-type and M'-type were calculated. It is concluded that the part energy level structure fits well with the experimental spectra. And the crystal field parameters of Yb3+ doped in the tantalite and niobate show regular changes with the atomic numbers of rare earth. It is shown that DV-Xα method and effective Hamiltonian model are effective methods to calculate the crystal field of Yb3+ doped in the tantalite and niobate with low- symmetry, Yb3+ doped in the tantalite and niobate is the potential laser medium for high eifficiency laser operation.

Barium gallium germanium selenium (BaGa2GeSe6, BGGSe) crystal is a novel infrared nonlinear optical material with excellent performance, which was discovered by Chinese scientists. Up to now, there is no report on large size single crystal growth of this crystal in China. In this study, polycrystalline BGGSe was synthesized successfully by using a self-made two-zone furnace with the amount of 400 g in one run. A high quality BGGSe single crystal with size of 30 mm×90 mm was grown by Bridgman-stockbarger method, which is the first in China. The successful fabrication of BGGSe crystal devices was also achieved after orienting, cutting, and polishing processes, which laid a solid foundation for the further application research of the crystal.

Ions implantation has proven to be a reliable way for sapphire to create new optical and mechanical surface properties. In this paper, the magnesium/titanium ions were chosen to implant in the surface modification of sapphire with different ions energy and fluence. The projected range and straggling of ions were calculated by simulation program of the Transport of Ion Matter code. Information about the damage depth distribution and the occurrence of microstructural modifications were analyzed by Raman spectroscopy and glancing incidence X-ray diffraction. According to the test results, the nanohardness, nanoscratch and infrared properties of sapphire show a tunable property with the ion implantation.

In order to meet the high performance requirements of phosphors for high-power white light-emitting diode(LED), preparation and optical, electrical and thermal properties of CexGd∶YAG single crystals fluorescent materials for white LED were studied. The CexGd∶YAG (x=0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08) single crystals were grown by the Czochralski method, and its luminescence properties were characterized via the XRD patterns, absorption and emission spectra. The temperature dependence of relative florescent light intensity and the performances of white LEDs fabricated by CexGd∶YAG single crystals with different Ce3+ concentration were also analyzed. The results indicate that when CexGd∶YAG crystal is excited by 450 nm blue light, a broad emission band of 500-650 nm range is produced, and the luminescence intensity is 10% higher than commercial phosphor at 100 ℃. When the Ce3+ concentration is 6%, the efficacy of white LED fabricated by CexGd∶YAG single crystals is up to 153 lm/W, more than twice the efficacy of white LED with Ce∶YAG-resin composite. CexGd∶YAG single crystals have higher and more stable florescent light intensity, and the efficacy of white LED has been greatly improved. CexGd∶YAG single crystals is expected to become a new type of commercial fluorescent material.

Based on the density functional theory, the structural, lattice dynamic stability and electronic properties of chalcopyrite AgAlSe2 under different pressures were investigated by generalized gradient approximation.The result show that, the lattice parameter of the chalcopyrite AgAlSe2 is consistent with the experimental values at 0 GPa, and the mass density, Se-Ag， Se-Al bond length and lattice constant a have a sudden increase, the relative cell volume V/V0 and lattice constant c suddenly decrease, and the phonon spectrum presents imaginary frequency, the structure becomes unstable, and the band gap changes abruptly, and the value shows a decreasing trend near 13.9 GPa. These results indicate that the chalcopyrite AgAlSe2 undergoes a structural phase transition near 13.9 GPa. This research provides information support for AgAlSe2 crystals under theoretically high pressure.

Boron is one of the most common acceptor elements in diamond that forms a shallow level at 0.37 eV above the valence band, and thus boron-doped diamond is considered to be an ideal p-type semiconductor material. For the chemical vapor deposition synthetic boron doped diamond, the distribution of boron impurities in the crystal is very inhomogeneous, and the Raman intensity is so dependent on the test position that the repeatability is poor. However, the boron content in the same growth sector of high temperature and high-pressure synthesized diamond changes slightly. In this paper, the photoluminescence properties of irradiated defects in high temperature and high pressure synthesized boron-doped diamond were investigated by low temperature photoluminescence spectroscopy, and the growth sector dependence of irradiated defects was interpreted by the theory of crystal growth.

A series of Gd2(MoO4)3∶Eu3+ phosphors were prepared by a sol-gel combustion method with citric acid as complexing agent. The structure, morphology and luminescence properties of Gd2(MoO4)3∶Eu3+ phosphors were characterized by XRD, SEM and fluorescence spectrum. The results of XRD indicate that Gd2(MoO4)3∶Eu3+ phosphors with monoclinic system could be obtained by annealing precursor of molar ratio of rare earth ions to citric acid being 1∶0.5 at 800 ℃. The phase transformation from Gd2(MoO4)3∶Eu3+ phosphors with monoclinic to orthogonal structure could be achieved by changing annealing temperature and the molar ratio of rare earth ions to citric acid. The morphology of Gd2(MoO4)3∶Eu3+ phosphors are affected by synthesis conditions. The results of fluorescence spectra show that a main emission peak of Gd2(MoO4)3∶Eu3+ phosphors is at 616 nm due to the 5D0→7F2 electric dipole transition of Eu3+. The emission intensity of Gd2(MoO4)3∶Eu3+ phosphors with orthogonal crystal system was significantly stronger than that of monoclinic system. The 5D0→7F2/5D0→7F1 relative emission intensity ratios calculated show the local symmetry environment around Eu3+ increases in Gd2(MoO4)3∶Eu3+ phosphors with orthogonal structure compared with that of monoclinic structure.

The geometry, electronic structure and optical properties of Co doped CrSi2 were calculated and analyzed by the first principle pseudopotential plane wave method based on density functional theory. The results show that the crystal constants of Co doped CrSi2 have no obvious change and its band gap width increases. The impurity level appears near the Fermi level due to the influence of the 3d electrons of Co element. The imaginary part of complex dielectric function of the Co doped CrSi2 is observed a red shift in the low energy direction, and the intensity of optical transition increases in the energy range of less than 1.20 eV and more than 2.41 eV. The main peak of the absorption coefficient moves to the high energy direction, and the peak value increases, which improves the absorption of infrared photons of CrSi2 in the energy range of less than 1.38 eV and more than 3.30 eV. The main peak of photoconductivity moves in the high energy direction, and the photoconductivity increases in the energy range of less than 1.16 eV and more than 2.36 eV, which indicates that the doping of Co improves the photoelectric properties of CrSi2, especially in the infrared region. The calculation results provide a theoretical basis for the research and preparation of CrSi2 photoelectric device.

Based on the density functional theory, the electronic structure, charge density and defect formation energy of Mg-N anion-cation co-doped SnO2 were calculated by first-principles principle. Replaced Sn and O with Mg and N in SnO2, respectively, with doping concentrations of 4.17at% and 2.08at%, the covalency between Mg-N is significantly higher than that of Sn-O. Under oxygen-rich conditions, the formation energy of Mg-N co-doped SnO2 is 2.67 eV, which can be effectively substituted by the acceptor. The band gap increases when Mg doped SnO2, and the Fermi level enters the valence band, but the band gap is narrowed with Mg-N co-doped SnO2, and shows a p-type conductivity.

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) as a thermochromic material has a metal-semiconductor phase transition at the critical temperature of 340 K. The first-principles density functional theory calculations indicate that band gap Eg1 of C, N, F-doped VO2 (M1 phase) at doping atom ratios (1.56%, 3.13%, 4.69%) were reduce to 0.349-0.612 eV, and N-doped M1-VO2 at 4.69% doping atom ratios has a narrowest band gap (0.349 eV). For the systems of C, N, F-doped VO2 (M1 phase), 3.13% N doped VO2 can be used in practice since it can effectively lower the phase transition temperature as well as make little effect on visible light transmittance.

The modified layer of the device dielectric layer on the Si/SiO2 substrate was prepared using polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA), which improved the interface quality of the dielectric layer and induced the growth of the active layer, thereby increasing the crystallinity of the active layer.The organic thin film transistor (OTFT) was prepared by vacuum evaporation of a pentacene/rubrene double layer active layer, and the effect of device performance on the thickness of the rubrene layer was investigated. The test results show that the threshold voltage of the modified device is -3.55 V, the current-switching ratio is more than 105, the mobility reaches 0.0558 cm2/V?s, and the subthreshold swing is 1.95 V/dec. These data suggested that the overall performance of devices with the modification of PMMA layer was successfully improved.

All-inorganic CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 perovskite composite nanocrystals (NCs) have been successfully preparaed by one-step method. CsPbBr3/Cs4PbBr6 NCs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), and photoluminescene spectroscopy (PL). The effects of reaction temperature, reaction time and Cs/Pb ratios on the phase, morphology and optical properties of NCs were systematically studied. The results show that the samples are cube-like morphology with great dispersion and high crystallinity, and the size of the NCs is about 20 nm. The PL intensity of NCs could be significantly increase then decrease with the increase of the reaction temperature and reaction time, and the optimal reaction temperature and time is 90 ℃ and 30 min, respectively. Futhermore, the molar ratio of Cs/Pb exhibited a great influence on the phase composition and emission property of NCs. The relative content of Cs4PbBr6 phase gradually increases with the increase of Cs/Pb ratio, which could served as a protective layer for CsPbBr3, resulting in the increase of emission intensity. The flourescence intensity reaches the max value when Cs/Pb=2∶3. However, excessive molar ratio of Cs/Pb induce the decrease of emission intensity due to the suppressed formation of CsPbBr3.

NaYbF4 nanocrystals were synthesized by thermal decomposition method and the size of nanocrystals were characterized by TEM images. The relationship between the concentration of NaYbF4 nanocrystals and their absorbances was established by the Beer-Lambert law. A method for adjusting the concentration of NaYbF4 nanocrystals was proposed by the absorption spectrum of Yb3+ in the NaYbF4 nanocrystal. And then the formula describing concentration adjustment was introduced. Furthermore, the method was tested by five batches of NaYbF4 nanocrystals with different concentrations, which show the method is very credible. And then the concentration of NaYbF4 nanocrystals after adjustment were measured several times to ensure the error of the adjustment method, the maximum error is 9%.

Yttrium-doped porous zinc oxide(ZnO)nanorod array was prepared on fluorine-doped tin dioxide(SnO2∶F，FTO)conductive glass substrates by two-step method. The ZnO seed layer was firstly prepared on FTO glass by dip-coating method and highly oriented ZnO nanorods were then grown on the seed layer through hydrothermal method. The crystal phase structure, microstructure, composition and optical properties of Y-doped ZnO nanorods with different concentrations were investigated. The experimental results show that the prepared Y- doped ZnO nanorods are hexagonal wurtzite structures with preferential orientation along the c-axis. With the increase of Y doping concentration, the diffraction peak intensity of ZnO nanorods(002)increases first and then decreases. The average length of the nanorods increased from 1.3 μm to 2.6 μm. The morphology of ZnO nanorods evolved from a pyramidal structure to a columnar structure, and the density of pores on the side of the nanorods increased. The prepared Y-doped ZnO nanorods have a weak ultraviolet luminescence peak and a strong broad visible luminescence peak. The optical band gap of the prepared sample decreased as the Y doping concentration increased, and the optical band gap varied from 3.29 eV to 3.21 eV. The use of Y-doped ZnO nanorods as the photoanode of quantum dot-sensitized solar cells can greatly improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

The development of non-noble metal hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts is of practical significance for solving the current serious energy crisis. NiCoP nanorod arrays were grown on nickel foams on conductive metal substrates in situ. The self-supporting alloy electrode material exhibites excellent electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance. When the current density reach 10 mA/cm2 in 1 mol/L potassium hydroxide electrolyte, only 93 mV overpotential is required.In addition, the catalyst has lower Tafel slope, higher charge transfer resistance and higher catalytic stability.

2[NiL2(H2O)2]?DMF(L=quinoline-2-carboxylic acid radical, DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide) was synthesized by hydrothermal method using quinoline-2-carboxylic acid and nickel sulfate as raw material. Its structure and property was analysized and characterized by X-ray, PXRD, EA, IR, TG and Fl. The title complex is orthorhombic system, and belong to space group Pna21； with a=2.06753(6) nm， b=0.82571(3) nm，c=2.34776(7) nm， V=4.0081(2) nm3， Z=4， Mr=951.210， Dc=1.576 g/cm3。The title complex is a mononuclear complex, which is expanded into a three-dimensional supramolecular structure by intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π-π stacking. Fluorescence spectrum analysis show that both the ligand and the title complex have good fluorescence properties, and the fluorescence properties of the title complex are better than that of the ligand.

The pyrochlore type of lanthanum zirconate fibers were prepared by the microemulsion electrospinning method using LaCl3 and ZrClO2?8H2O as raw materials, and C2H5OH as solvent, and paraffin was introduced to construct porous structure of fiber as phase separation agent. The fiber structure and morphology were determined by XRD, SEM and BET. The luminescence properties of Eu3+ doped lanthanum zirconium fibers were measured by photoluminescence. The results show that the introduction of phase separation agent of paraffin can improve the pore structure in the fiber. When the amount of paraffin is 4 mL, the prepared lanthanum zirconate fibers have a high phase purity, a specific surface area of 20.77 m2?g-1, an average pore size of 19.3 nm, the more abundant structure and uniform distribution. Therefore doped Eu3+ in the fiber, the luminous intensity of the porous fiber increases due to the charge transition between oxygen ions and rare earth ions, and the light scattering of porous structure increases.

A small amount of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was adsorbed on the surface of the prepared silver phosphate, and the DPVA/Ag3PO4 composite was prepared by heat treatment. The DPVA/Ag3PO4 composite was characterized and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and fluorescence spectroscopy (PL). Analysis shows that the conjugate structure exists in DPVA/Ag3PO4 composite particles modified by polyvinyl alcohol composite, the recombination rate of photo-generated electron-hole pairs reduces, and the photocatalytic activity is significantly improved. The visible-light photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalyst prepared under different conditions (including compound ratio, temperature and time of heat treatment) for the degradation of Methyl orange under visible light was studied. The results show that the obtained DPVA/Ag3PO4 composite materials showed optimal photocatalytic activities when the mass proportion of PVA and silver phosphate was 1∶4000, heated at 190 ℃ for 1 h.

Using metatitanic acid and melamine as raw materials, C-N modified TiO2 photocatalyst were prepared by calcination annealing at 700 ℃ in air atmosphere. The samples before and after modification were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, XPS, SEM, UV-Vis, BET, etc. The results show that the modified material is a material of porous anatase crystal TiO2 having a large specific surface area. Part of O in the TiO2 lattice is replaced by N, amide compounds are adsorbed on the surface. Compared with pure TiO2, the catalytic oxidation efficiency of NO by C-N/TiO2 is greatly improved. The catalytic oxidation rate of NO by C-N/TiO2-2 reaches 69%.

The porous TiC ceramic was prepared by reaction sintering method, using TiO2, carbon black as reactants, TiC as additives. The effects of the addition content of TiC on grain size, pore size, open porosity and bending strength were investigated. The results indicate that with an increase of TiC in range from 0% to 100%, the particle size of TiC formed by reaction increases from 0.17 μm to 0.71 μm; the pore size enhances from 0.15 μm to 1.51 μm; the open porosity decreases from 78% to 38%. Additionally the bending strength increases first and then decreases, when addition content is 80%, achieves the highest value of 86 MPa. The growth mechanism of TiC is due to the addition of TiC causing a decrease in the carbon content around TiO2, which leads to a decline in the melting point, an enhancement in diffusion capacity, and an increase in grain size of TiC formed by reaction.

Zirconia (ZrO2) ceramics have been applied in medical and industrial fields due to their excellent properties. Surface micro-nano fabrication could bring their performance advantages into full play and also extend their application ranges, ZrO2 ceramic with different microstructures was investigated by green femtosecond laser mico-drilling. Combined with the influence of different microstructures on the physical properties of materials, the effects of laser machining parameters (viz. processing power and processing time) on the morphology, diameter and depth of the micro-holes were systematically studied. Results show that ZrO2 with smaller grain size, more uniform microstructure and lower thermal conductivity has higher processing efficiency under the same processing parameters. By comparing the change of the diameter and depth with the laser processing parameters, it is found that the difference of the material microstructure has more obvious effects along the axial direction of micro-hole relative to the radial direction.

Dy doped Ca1-xDyxMnO3(x=0, 0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.10) thermoelectric materials were prepared by coprecipitation. The phase structure was determined by X-ray diffraction. Fine structure of Dy doped Ca1-xDyxMnO3(x=0,0.02, 0.03, 0.05, 0.10) thermoelectric materials were obtained by refining data with Rietveld powder diffraction full spectrum fitting method. And the high-temperature thermoelectric properties were determined by four probe electrodes. Rietveld refinement results show that the cell parameters and cell volume of CaMnO3 samples gradually increase with the increase of Dy doping. The corresponding resistivity results show that the resistivity of the doped samples decreases with the increase of Dy doping. The room temperature resistivity of Ca0.9Dy0.1MnO3 is the lowest, which is 6.7×10-5 Ω ?m, 1/6 times of that of undoped CaMnO3.

Al2O3-Cr2O3 solid solution was prepared using nano-η-Al2O3 powder and industrial chrome green as raw materials in a molar ratio of 1∶1. The solid phase sintering was carried out at 1400 ℃, 1500 ℃ and 1600 ℃ in a reducing atmosphere using TiO2 as sintering aid. The effects of TiO2 addition on the density, linear shrinkage, phase composition, unit cell parameters, degree of interdiffusion and microstructure of Al2O3-Cr2O3 solid solution prepared from nano-η-Al2O3 were studied. The results show that the addition of TiO2 can promote the densification of Al2O3-Cr2O3 solid solution. When the temperature is 1600 ℃ and the addition amount of TiO2 is 2wt%, the maximum bulk density of the sample is 4.57 g?cm-3, and the linear shrinkage is 19.8%; the addition of TiO2 can increase the degree of interdiffusion of Al3+ and Cr3+ in Al2O3-Cr2O3 solid solution;the microstructure shows that TiO2 can make the grains of Al2O3-Cr2O3 solid solution combine more closely. The addition of TiO2 increases the grain transition from crystal fracture to transgranular fracture, and there are only a small number of pores between and within the crystal, within the experimental temperature range. When the temperature is 1600 ℃ and the additive amount of TiO2 is 2wt%, the grain size is relatively uniform, with an average grain size of about 10 μm.

Core shell structured carbon materials possess excellent microwave absorption properties, however they are very difficult to be dispersed in ceramic matrixs. FeNi@CNOs/AlN composites were fabricated through introducing magnetic carbon nano onions into AlN ceramic matrix by chemical vapor deposition process, and the phase composition, micro morphology and microwave absorption properties also were studied. The results show that, FeNi@CNOs/AlN composites can be fabricated in situ based on Al and C powders with the exits of FeNi catalyst under 1100 K. The RL values of as fabricated 10wt%FeNi@CNOs/AlN composites are all below -10 dB during 8.29-15.32 GHz, and the max value reaches -23 dB at 13.2 GHz.

A novel agrose/silica composite was prepared via hydroxylation and poly-condensation reaction in sol-gel process with oxide agrose and tetramethoxysilane as precursor. The agrose/silica composite were functioned with amide through ring opening, “thiol-ene” click and dehydration reactions. The constitution, structure and morphology of the composite were characterized by FT-IR, XPS and SEM. Amide group modified agrose/silica composite was applied as sorbent for ractopamine and several factors such as sample solvent, adsorption time and initial concentrations of ractopamine were investigated. The results show that amide group was successfully modified onto the composite. Meanwhile, continuous porous structure was formed and the particle size was about 2-3 μm. The composite show excellent adsorption property for ractopamine. The equilibrium could be reached in 50 min and adsorption behavior belonged to the pseudo-second- order kinetic model. Chemical adsorption was assumed. The adsorption isothermal is in accordance with Freundlich model. The adsorption property decreases a little affter the 6 cycle adsorption experiments.

The preparation of zeolite F from coal fly ash is highly desired. F-typed zeolite was prepared by acidic pretreatment-alkali fusion activation-hydrothermal crystallization with circulating fluidized bed fly ash as raw material and used for adsorption of methylene blue. The influence of acid leaching temperature, alkali melting temperature and mass ratio of alkali to ash on the structure of fly ash, as well as the influence of alkali melting temperature, mass ratio of alkali to ash, volume to mass ratio of liquid and solid and crystallization time on the structure and morphology of zeolite were investigated. The crystal structure and morphology of zeolite were characterized by XRD and SEM, respectively. The results show that the optimum conditions for preparing highly purity F-type zeolite with fly ash in circulating fluidized bed are as followed: alkaline fusion temperature of 550 ℃, alkali to ash ratio of 1.5∶1, liquid to solid ratio of 12 mL/g, amount of crystal directing agent up to 10%, crystallization temperature of 100 ℃, crystallization time of 20 h. And its specific surface area was up to 357 m2/g, and the saturated adsorption capacity of methylene blue amounted to 178 mg/g.

With the development of optical communication and high power laser technology, magneto-optical isolators were studied and applied widely, which results in the development of magneto-optical crystals. A variety of new magneto-optical crystals were developed, and it is desirable to prepare large-size and high optical quality magneto-optical crystals. In this paper, the theory and application of Faraday magneto-optical effect is described breifly. Then the research progress on the crystals of rare-earth orthoferrite, rare-earth molybdate, terbium containing niobite, yttrium iron garnet, terbium containing garnet and several magneto-optical ceramics are reviewed. Finally, the future development of magneto-optical crystals is given.

This paper summarizes the relationship between the properties and characteristics of various morphologies of nano-alumina, including spherical, flaky, fibrous, rod and other morphologies of nano-alumina. As well as various preparation methods and morphology control methods for these nano-alumina were summarized. As the same time, their applications and prospects are shown.

Compared with the chemical vapor transport (CVT) method used for preparation of crystals, close-spaced vapor transport deposition (CSVT) and vapor transport deposition (VTD) are less well known. In recent years, vapor transport deposition has been gradually applied to the preparation of antimony-based thin films (Sb2Se3, Sb2S3 and Sb2 (Se, S)3), tin-based thin films (SnS, SnS2) and bismuth-based thin films (Bi2Se3, Bi2Te3) and so on, which may become an important method for material preparation. In this paper, the research progress of vapor transport deposition for compound thin films is reviewed, its characteristics are analyzed, and its development trend is prospected.

The mechanism underlying whisker growth has received significant research attention. However, the scientific basis for how whiskers grow into strips has yet to be elucidated. The mechanism for traditional whisker growth is not suitable for the growth of liquid-crystal system whiskers. Here, an extended anion coordination polyhedron (ACP) mechanism was proposed as a liquid-phase whisker growth mechanism. The traditional whisker growth mechanism cannot explain whisker growth in liquid-phase systems or whisker diversity, nor can it guide the artificial control of whisker growth. The extended ACP growth mechanism overcomes these problems and can be used to effectively guide the growth of artificial whiskers.

Photocatalysis has been regarded as one of the most promising and effective technologies for addressing environmental remediation and energy crisis by the utilization of the solar energy. Ag3VO4 is a type of visible light responsive semiconductor material, which has been applied in photocatalytic water splitting into hydrogen and environmental pollution degradation. However, the high recombination of photogenerated charge carriers and low quantum yield hamper its practical applications. How to boost the photocatalytc activity of Ag3VO4 has become hotspot of scientific researchers. Constructing Ag3VO4 with another semicondictor to form heterojunction photocatalyst is an efficient approach that can ameliorate the photocatalytic performance of the single Ag3VO4. The review summarizes recent research progress on the types, preparation methods, photocatalytic degradation performance and photocatalytic reaction mechanism of Ag3VO4-based composite photocatalysts. In addition, the existing problems about Ag3VO4-based composites were discussed and the future research direction of the Ag3VO4-based photocatalysts is also forecast.