When utilizing point mass filtering algorithms for gravity-assisted navigation computations，after several iterations，the variance of the importance weights of the particle swarm tends to increase over time. This results in the particle swarm being unable to effectively express the posterior probability density of the state variables. This paper optimizes the resampling process of the point mass filtering algorithm using a simulated annealing algorithm. The optimization involves retaining low-weight particles and introducing new particles through a random probability mechanism. This approach ensures diversity in both particle weights and spatial distribution，effectively reducing the variance of particle weights，increasing the dispersion of particle distribution，and endowing the point mass filtering algorithm with the capability to overcome local optima. Experimental validation demonstrates that the improved algorithm can reduce the average matching position error to within 500 meters within a relatively short period. Evidently，the enhanced algorithm strikes a balance between effectiveness and stability，mitigating the rate of particle degeneration and resolving the issue of subsequent estimation inaccuracies caused by particle degradation. This leads to an enhancement in the positioning accuracy and long-term stability of the gravity matching algorithm.

The inland plateau lakes account for 57.2% of the total lake area in China，which is an important research object for environmental and climate resources. As a large number of plateau lakes are located in uninhabited areas and cover a large area，the actual observation data of plateau lakes are very limited at present. In order to solve the monitoring problem of plateau lakes in uninhabited areas，a high-precision photon counting lidar on unmanned aerial vehicle platform was studied，a detection probability model of single photon detector was established，and the theoretical relationship between the signal level of lidar，the number of receiving channels and drift error was derived. In order to further reduce the drift error of photon counting lidar，a photon counting lidar receiving optical system based on four-channel detection with a working wavelength of 532±0.1 nm，a system aperture of 50 mm，an angle of field of 0.2 mrad，and a propagation distance of 2~3 km was designed. Through optimization design，the system aberration index met the design requirements，and the energy efficiency of the spectroscope group was 83.87%. The structure was reasonable，which can provide a reference for the application of multi-channel photon counting lidar optical system in lake monitoring.

The interferometer used in traditional Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging（FTIR）equipment is large in size，and the Variable Gap Fabry Perot interferometer（F-P interferometer）solves the problem of miniaturization of the traditional FTIR equipment with the advantage of its small size and compactness. However，because the internal optical lenses of the F-P interferometer need to be tightly fitted together during installation，the fastening force may locally exert force on the lenses，causing deformation of the lenses and thus affecting the accuracy of the spectral data obtained. Taking a certain type of infrared imaging spectroscopy equipment based on a variable gap F-P interferometer as an example，the deformation of the F-P interferometer lens is measured by a Zygo laser interferometer，and a simulation model of the deformation of the interferometer is established. Through the analysis of the simulation model，it is clarified that the deformation of the F-P interferometer will lead to the degradation of the spectral response intensity and wavelength accuracy，which points out the direction for the subsequent structural optimization design of the F-P cavity.

Point cloud registration is a basic and important research topic in computer vision. Aiming at the problems of existing registration algorithms that sensitive initial values and poor universality on feature descriptors，this paper proposes a two-step registration method including manual rough registration and ICP fine registration based on new weighted factor and new feature descriptors. The normal calculation of the point cloud can adequately describe the characteristics and weighting factors of point cloud descriptors. In the precision registration，the nearest point is queried according to the feature distance，the feature distance between point clouds is constantly calculated，and the mismatched point pairs are removed according to the 3σ criterion，thus achieving the effect of accelerating convergence and improving accuracy. The results show that compared with the traditional ICP algorithm，the convergence time of the proposed algorithm is only 20%， and the final registration error is reduced to 0.008 mm.

In the process of laser strikes on drones，the main reliance is on the laser to burn and penetrate the target’s shell in the target’s flight control area，causing it to fall. Whether the target’s flight control area can be accurately hit is the key to shooting down the target. However，the flames and smoke generated by long-term laser strikes can cause serious interference in image-based target detection and tracking，making it difficult for the laser to accurately lock the drone’s flight control area，seriously affecting the probability of actual combat shooting down，This article designs a strike method that uses the YOLO algorithm to detect target images，and uses the detection results to control the laser output timing and perform secondary tracking. The experiment shows that the strike method used in this article can improve stability by more than 59%. The improvement of the tracking strategy effectively improves the ability to shoot down drones.

Headpose solving is one of the key technologies in face recognition systems. In order to solve the problem of unstable attitude of a few face feature points，this paper proposes a method of attitude solving based on nonlinear optimization. Firstly，the 3D point re-projection coordinates are solved according to the camera imaging principle，and the coordinates and observations are based on the projection points. The point coordinate relationship is used to construct the least squares problem of reprojection error. Then the knowledge of Lie algebra is used to solve the Jacobian matrix of the least squares equation. The Gauss-Newton method is used to iteratively solve the minimum reprojection error in the gradient direction. Face attitude angle. The simulation and real experiments prove that the headpose information can be solved stably under the condition of 5 feature points，the accuracy is better than other algorithms，the error between the rotation angle and the actual value is reduced to 1.9%，and the translation is reduced to 1.5%. This algorithm has been applied to the face compliance detection process of actual products. Face gesture recognition is more accurate，which is about 8% better than the traditional algorithm.

In order to calibrate the range accuracy of the laser rangefinder，a calibration system of the laser rangefinder is designed. The system is mainly composed of attenuation components and ranging precision simulator. A ranging precision simulator based on photoelectric delay simulation method is designed. The output laser of the laser diode is divided by the beam splitting prism，and the output laser signal is measured by the TDC module with picosecond time measuring accuracy. The uncertainty error caused by the clock is reduced，and the delay generated by the optical path and the circuit cancles each other，which improves the simulation distance accuracy. The ranging precision simulator has been tested by the national legal metrology technical institution and meets the design requirements. The measuring accuracy of a laser rangefinder is calibrated and verified by the designed calibration system. The results show that the device can calibrate the measuring accuracy of the laser rangefinder，and the measuring repeatability is less than 1.0 m. The ranging precision simulator can be used as standard measuring equipment.

Point-to-multipoint （P2MP） optical transceivers enable multiple low-speed optical transceivers at different locations to be able to simultaneously communicate with a few high-speed optical transceivers concentrated or distributed in network central offices，thus offering a cost-effective future-proof solution for 5G and beyond. A novel intensity modulation/ direct （IMDD） P2MP optical transceivers incorporating inverse fast Fourier transform （IFFT）/ fast Fourier transform （FFT）-based multi-channel aggregation/de-aggregation has been thoroughly explored the scalability and further evaluated its potential in upstream IMDD PONs. It cannot only operate at the‘add-as-you-grow’mode，but also offer additional physical layer network security. The results show that the P2MP flexible optical transceivers equip the PONs with excellent scalability. Each ONU can adaptively change its channel count without considerably compromising transmission capacity and ONU launch power dynamic range. The increase in ONU count can also be made available by slightly compromising transmission capacity and ONU launch power dynamic range. Therefore，the flexible P2MP optical transceiver can effectively improve the scalability in IMDD PONs，and provide a technical solution for building a flexible，elastic and scalable communication network in the future.

In the passive interference test of smoke screen，the effective obscuration area of smoke screen to infrared radiation source is an important index to evaluate and identify the comprehensive performance of smoke-forming equipment. Due to the flow diffusivity characteristics of smoke screen，the calculation method and standard of the obscuration area have become a difficult and hot spot in the industry. In this paper，we analysize the measurement principle of smoke screen obscuration area and the attenuation rate of the infrared radiation point source. Then the functional relationship is derived， which is the spatial distribution of attenuation rate in the focal plane by interpolating the attenuation rate of infrared radiant point source. The specific method steps are listed，and the interpolation effect of infrared radiation image is verified. The infrared smoke screen contour cannot be restored by interpolating，when the sampling interval is greater than 20 times the pixel spacing. According to the interpolation effect，the maximum effective distance of infrared radiant source array layout is derived. This method can be used as a reference for the layout of infrared radiation point source array in photoelectric field test.

In order to calibrate the imaging characteristic parameters of the infrared thermal imager，a double black body collimating optical tube radiation source is designed. The reflection optical system is used to solve the problem that the transmission optical system is difficult to eliminate the color difference. Its working spectrum can cover a wide spectral range of 0.38~12 μm. The target assembly adopts the form of reflecting target. Through the interaction between the target self-calibrated blackbody radiation source and the background self-calibrated blackbody radiation source，the thermal characteristics of the target are simulated，and the temperature rise of differential targets can be eliminated. The radiation source has been tested by the national legal metrological technical institution and meets the design requirements. The radiation source is used to calibrate and verify the imaging characteristic parameters of a type of infrared thermal imager. The results show that it can be used for automatic testing of SITF，NETD and MRTD parameters of infrared thermal imagers with blackbody temperature range of 5 ℃ to 100 ℃ and differential temperature range of -15 ℃ to 45 ℃. The uncertainty of temperature difference is 0.02 ℃.

In order to solve the problem of absorption line type selection in hydrogen leakage spectrum signal analysis of hydrogen-related equipment，a simulation model of hydrogen laser absorption spectrum direct absorption concentration inversion process is established. This research combined the HITRAN database to investigate the reconstruction accuracy of three types of line shape functions. The absorption coefficients obtained from the simulation results with those from the HITRAN database under different conditions of line shape function reconstruction are compared and analyzed. The influence of temperature variations on the absorption coefficients of hydrogen absorption lines under the three linear functions is examined. The results show that among the three linear functions，the Guass linear function has the highest reconstruction accuracy of hydrogen absorption spectral lines，and its reconstruction error is ≤ 0.02%，and the maximum reconstruction error of the Voigt line type function and the Lorentz line type function is 0.37% and 2.63%，respectively，which verifies the accuracy and reliability of the simulation model. As the temperature increases，the absorption coefficients of the three line types exhibit a linear decrease. The peak absorption coefficients decrease by 8.2%，16.8%，and 13.5% respectively，while the changes in the half-width are 4.5%，6.2%，and 5.2% respectively. The Lorentz line type exhibits the lowest temperature sensitivity for both the peak absorption and FWHM in hydrogen gas laser absorption spectra. Under the same temperature conditions，the peak absorption coefficient of Lorentz linear type is 6.3 times and 7.1 times that of Guass and Voigt linear type，and the absorption effect is the best. This study provides a basis for subsequent in-depth research on the selection of linear type detection by hydrogen laser absorption spectroscopy. Additionally，it offers theoretical guidance for practical applications.

Although existing thermo-optic switches offer advantages such as lower power consumption and faster response times，their larger size and complex structures often limit their practical applications. To address this limitation，a novel compact and fast-response thermo-optic switch is proposed in this study. The switch is based on a dielectric-loaded surface plasmon microring resonator，which consists of a multi-layer material structure including PMMA，Au，SiO2，and Si layers. The Au layer serves both as a material for exciting surface plasmons and as a heater. Using finite element method analysis， the optical transmission mode，temperature distribution，and other properties of the thermo-optic switch were studied. Additionally，a photo-thermal multiphysics field coupling analysis method was employed to investigate the dynamic characteristics of the switch，such as the impact of optical signal transmission on the spectrum and response time of the microring thermo-optical switch，within the wavelength range of 1 530 nm to 1 570 nm. The research findings demonstrate that the microring thermo-optic switch exhibits a fast response speed and low heating power，with a rise time of 2.5 μs，a fall time of 6.8 μs，and an insertion loss of 0.13 dB. Moreover，the dielectric-loaded surface plasmons proposed in this study are compatible with traditional semiconductor manufacturing processes and exhibit excellent dynamic performance. Hence， this switch holds promising potential for optoelectronic integrated circuit applications.

The suffite gold electroplating process on silicon wafer is described in the paper. The maintenance of electroplating and affecting factors of constant current electroplating gold are also described. The suffite gold plating process is optimized and the process parameters are determined. The most optimal parameters：Gold is 10 g/L，sodium sulfite is 140 g/L，potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 40 g/L，potassium citrate is 80 g/L，potassium chloride is 100 g/L，EDTA-2Na is 10 g/L，sodium dodecyl sulfate is 0.01~0.2 g/L，brightener is 20 g/L，pH is 7.5~8.0，cathode current density is 2.1 mA/ cm2，anode is platinum mesh，magnetic strirring speed is 200 RPM，and the temperature of electroplating solution is 45 ℃. The obtained films are brightly golden yellow. The morphology and composition of the electroplating gold film under the optimal conditions are analyzed by the SEM and EDS techniques. The results show that the micro-morphology of the gold film is smooth and dense，and the purity of the gold film is very high. The research objective is to solve the problem of electroplating gold on surface electrode，which requires stable performance of electric parameters on laser wafer in the long term.

In the optical industry，when some lenses require coating with 100% effective through-hole，the processing process of coating first and then grinding the edges is often used. However，some film systems may damage the film layer when using the coating first and then edge grinding process，and this processing process is not applicable when the convex surface is close to the hemisphere（D（spherical aperture）/R（curvature radius）>1.6）of the lens，and there is not much margin（<0.3 mm）on the outer diameter. And the qualification rate is low. Therefore，it is necessary to design a fully transparent hemispherical lens elastic coating fixture to solve this problem，so as to achieve 100% effective aperture for lens coating. The fixture is made of elastic steel and uses a clamping method for the outer diameter of the lens and an elastic structure to compensate for the thermal expansion and contraction of the lens and fixture. The lens can be installed on the fixture for super washing and directly coated，without the need for a secondary hanging plate and a dedicated super washing fixture. The experimental results show that after using the coating fixture for coating，the effective aperture of the lens coating can reach 100%，and there will be no phenomena such as cracking，edge collapse，and surface indentation，and the film color is uniform and consistent. The fixture design is reasonable，the manufacturing process is simple，and the cost is low. This paper briefly describes the design and experimental results of an all pass hemispherical elastic fixture.

Aiming at the microwave photonic system’s demand for on-chip high-speed modulation devices，based on the linear electro-optic effect of lithium niobate materials，this research carried out the optoelectronic co-simulation design of on-chip devices and used the semiconductor device preparation method compatible with the CMOS process. On-chip optoelectronic devices such as low-loss lithium niobate waveguide，high-efficiency coupling mode spot converter，and highfrequency microwave signal transmission line are integrated on the lithium niobate（LNOI）wafer on the insulator to realize the on-chip integration of the modulator chip. The coupling process using micro-optics realized the optical signal input and output of the optical fiber array on the chip；the impedance matching of the chip-thin film resistor-RF joint and the low-loss transmission of electrical signals were realized by wire bonding；Hermetic packaging was used to improve the reliability and environmental adaptability of the modulator. The test showed that the optical power insertion loss of the device is 15 G（@3 dB），and the dynamic half-wave voltage is <6 V（@10 GHz），meeting the application requirements of photoelectric oscillators and other related microwave photonic devices.

It is of great sidnificance for the strapdown inertial navigation equipment to keep the zero bias constant in the long working process of laser gyro，this paper introduces the main factors that affect the change of zero bias of laser gyro and analyzes the mechanism that causes the change of zero bias in the working process of laser gyro. Through the simulation calculation and experimental verification，the results show that the internal aeration pressure of laser gyro has little effect on the zero bias.The proper partial pressure ration is helpful to reduce the influence of material air leakage on zero bias drift，the optimal inflation parameters are given through experiments，which is of great significance to the engineering of laser gyro.

In order to ensure the stability and safety of the working state of the patrol robot，the inspection task is completed instead of manual under dangerous working conditions. In this paper，a mobile robot patrol system based on multimodal sensing of optical sensors is designed. The patrol system is equipped with depth camera，acoustic vibration sensor，gas concentration detection device，infrared thermal imager and other sensing modules，which can work in the form of automatic path planning or manual remote control. Equipped with mature image processing and voiceprint recognition algorithms，the robot can instantly determine whether there are abnormalities in the operating noise，thermal defects，equipment appearance，instrument readings and other characteristics of the equipment to be tested during the inspection process. Through LAN communication and intelligent instrument control system，replace manual to realize automatic monitoring of controlled equipment in a large range. Experimental results show that the patrol robot can carry out efficient and accurate inspection work in complex environments. Through multimodal information fusion technology，fault points are accurately identified and located，and the optimal inspection path is independently decided. At the same time，all-optical intelligent technology ensures the high-speed data transmission and processing capacity of the robot，greatly improves the efficiency and quality of inspection，and provides a new auxiliary means for improving the intelligent operation and maintenance level of substations under harsh conditions.

Optical materials have a wide range of applications in various fields，and accurate identification of optical material parameters is crucial for material design and performance optimization. As an emerging renewable energy power supply technology，the accurate identification of system parameters in photovoltaic microgrid systems is of great significance for system design and operation. This article proposes a parameter identification method for photovoltaic microgrid optical materials based on an improved grey wolf algorithm. Firstly，the traditional Grey Wolf optimization algorithm was improved by combining orthogonal learning methods，using a local exploration method to identify uncertain parameters of optical materials in photovoltaic cell models，and modifies vector parameters to promote a reliable balance between the two stages of the algorithm. Secondly，combined with improved algorithms，the parameters in the photovoltaic microgrid system are gradually iteratively optimized to further improve the accuracy of parameter identification. Finally，the improved Grey Wolf optimization algorithm proposed in this article was used to estimate the optical material uncertainty parameters of photovoltaic module models based on single diode model（SDM）and double diode model（DDM）. The experimental results show that this method can effectively identify key parameters of optical materials in photovoltaic microgrid systems，and has good performance in recognition accuracy and convergence speed.

The stability evaluation of photovoltaic microgrids is crucial to ensure the reliable operation of the system. However，there are uncertainties such as solar shape and optical errors in photovoltaic microgrids that pose challenges to system stability. This article proposes a stability evaluation model for photovoltaic microgrids based on solar shape and optical error，aiming to accurately evaluate the stability of the system and provide reference for system optimization. Firstly，a centralized magnetic flux distribution model based on the true shape of the sun is established. Then，a stability evaluation model for photovoltaic microgrids is established by combining optical error factors such as haze，optical error， shadow，and occlusion effects. Finally，this model was validated in an actual photovoltaic microgrid by collecting system operation data and solar shape and optical error data，which were input into the model for evaluation. The experimental results show that the model can accurately evaluate the stability of photovoltaic microgrids. By adjusting system components，optimizing optical systems，and adjusting operating strategies，the stability and reliability of photovoltaic microgrids can be significantly improved.

Optimal scheduling of high-percentage renewable energy microgrids is of great significance in promoting the green transition of new power systems. Aiming at the problem of uncertainty and stochasticity of microgrids due to environmental factors such as weather conditions，this paper proposes a stochastic optimal scheduling strategy for renewable microgrids based on a simplified particle swarm optimization algorithm with the goal of minimizing the operating cost of microgrids. Firstly，mathematical models of power devices such as wind turbine，photovoltaic system，fuel cell and microturbine are established and their performances are explained. Secondly，the simplified particle swarm optimization algorithm model and its execution process are designed. Finally，the hourly predicted output power of the four microsource models established above is used to optimize the operating cost of the microgrid，and the optimal fitness solution with a fitness value of 23 and an effective control of the operating cost of the microgrid is obtained. This study provides a more robust solution by considering the load demand and making decisions on the optimal management of renewable energy in microgrids.

Laser decontamination technology has broad application prospects in deep decontamination of metal surface and radioactive hot spot decontamination due to its characteristics of small amount of secondary waste generation，easy access to narrow space work，high decontamination efficiency and easy automation. The influence of laser technology on pipeline performance was studied and applied to decontamination of radioactive pipeline in nuclear power plant. The decontamination effect of laser decontamination technology on internal dose of pipeline was demonstrated by measuring the contact dose rate before and after pipeline. On the basis of not damaging the pipeline，the contact dose rate of the internal surface of the pipeline is greatly reduced，with an average reduction of about 74%，which effectively reduces the pipeline dose and reduces the exposure dose of the staff，providing a theoretical basis for the subsequent cleaning and control of the radioactive pipeline.