Reinforced concrete structures are usually subjected to explosion impact load, resulting in severe damage. Different protective materials are typically laid on reinforced concrete slabs to improve the explosion resistance. The experimental study on the explosion resistance of reinforced concrete slabs with different protective materials was conducted using the drop hammer test, and an accelerometer tested the impact of reinforced concrete. An embedded piezoelectric intelligent aggregate is used to monitor the internal damage signal of a reinforced concrete slab under the drop hammer impact load. The test results show that both carbon fiber reinforced matrix composites (CFRP) and polyurea can effectively protect the specimens in the single-layer reinforced structure, with an average decrease of 78.20% and 79.05% relative to reinforced concrete acceleration and 40.98% and 65.79% peak impact stress, respectively. Additionally, the average acceleration reduction of polyurea-concrete-CFRP (IPC), polyurea-CFRP-concrete (ICP), and CFRP-concrete-polyurea (CIP) compared with reinforced concrete slabs are 70.29%, 77.46% and 79.85% in the composite protective structure, respectively. The average peak impact stress reduction is 32.73%, 56.32%, and 51.07%, respectively, which can effectively protect the specimens and improve the impact resistance of concrete slabs. It can provide a reference for related engineering applications.