Laser heat treatment is a high-temperature material-treatment technique that can heat rapidly and can work in a broad temperature range; it heats at a rate of up to 104℃/s. The traditional methods of measuring contact temperature cannot satisfy the measurement requirements of a rapid temperature-rising range and heating process. In this study, a noncontact image processing-based infrared CCD method was designed to measure the surface temperature of materials. Moreover, a method of segmented measurement was developed to solve the problem of the wide temperature measurement range. For the rapid heating rate, a computer-controlled fast adaptive exposure-time algorithm was proposed, and the temperature-grayscale curve was strictly calibrated to improve the measurement accuracy. The experimental results showed that the proposed method is a low-cost, high-stability, high-precision, simple, and effective temperature measurement technique. This paper presents a practical improvement technique for measuring the surface temperature of materials during the laser heat-treatment process.