Different laser parameters and the interactional production can affect the barcode grade profoundly. In order to effectively mark barcodes on aluminum alloy with a laser, it is important to search out the optimum parameters and establish a relationship between critical laser parameters and the quality of the symbol. A NdYAG laser is utilized to produce 3136 Data Matrix symbols onto aluminum substrates. The experiment focuses on all interval values of the vector step, inter-step time, laser Q frequency and laser Q release time. From the experimental results, the optimized parameters are the vector step of 0.005~0.009 mm, the inter-step time of 29~43 μs, laser Q frequency of 7~10 kHz, and laser Q release time of 13~19 μs. And then, by analyzing the higher and the lower power density processing module scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) data, it is found that the interaction between the laser and the aluminum alloy can be divided into four stages. This can explain the laser parameters and materials influence on barcode grade in microstructure and micro-components.