The energetic polymer glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) is taken as the ablation target and the nano-carbon powder and infrared dye are taken as dopants. The plume of GAP is observed by the microscale plume observation system, and the influences of doping concentration, target thickness and laser ablation mode on GAP ablation characteristics and propulsion performance are analyzed. The results show that the utilization rate of absorber-undoped GAP is very low in the laser ablation process. The propulsion performance of GAP doped with nano-carbon powder is significantly improved, which is sensitive to the target thickness, and the thin GAP doped with nano-carbon powder is more suitable as the target of laser ablation micro-thruster in the transmission mode. The gasification of polymer doped with infrared dye is substantially improved and the plume is weakly affected by the target thickness in the transmission mode. The infrared dye is considered suitable as the polymer target of the laser ablation micro-thruster in the reflection mode.