To facilitate the advancement of the project-oriented optical experiment teaching reform, a meticulously designed three-dimensional reconstruction experiment utilizing monocular-line laser technology is presented. A laser triangulation system is established based on the pinhole imaging model, incorporating a monocular camera, line laser, stepping screw, and Raspberry Pi. The calibration parameters encompassing internal and external camera parameters as well as distortion parameters are accurately determined through checkerboard calibration, and the method of threshold segmentation is employed to extract the center of the laser light bar for acquiring point cloud data representing the target object surface. By using the algorithms of the manual registration and the nearest point iteration to register the point clouds and reconstruct the surfaces, three-dimensional reconstruction of the target object can be implemented. This experiment emphasizes interdisciplinary integration, which helps stimulate students’ interest in scientific research, foster innovation awareness, and enhance their ability to apply professional knowledge to solve practical problems.