In order to improve the classification and recycling efficiency of electronic waste, a detection and identification system of electronic phosphor based on laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and principal components analysis (PCA) algorithm & back propagation (BP) algorithm was established. In order to verify the reliability of the system, three different models of phosphor (CRT-B, P43 and P47) were taken as examples. The system was used to obtain the laser-induced breakdown spectral data of phosphor samples in the range of 200 nm~890 nm, and the spectral line calibration and element calibration were completed. The results showe that the phosphor CRT-B is rich in Zn and Al, P43 is rich in Gd, P47 is rich in Y and Si, and trace element Ce is also detected in the phosphor P47. The results show that the contribution rate of the first three principal components is as high as 99.769%, and the three phosphors can be clearly separated in space. The recognition rates of CRT-B, P43 and P47 phosphor by PCA-BP are 99.8%, 100% and 100%, respectively. The results of this study are helpful for the rapid detection and recycling of electronic waste in industrial production and life.