The spectral characteristics of the river ice surface are one of the main parameters of remote sensing inversion, which can provide the main basis for studying the optical properties of ice. Ice albe do is an important parameter used to study the energy exchange between the atmosphere and water in cold regions, and is also the most important parameter in spectral characteristics. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is important in indicating the water environment. Hence, analyzing the spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter in river ice is of great significance for understanding its environmental indicator function. Using a portable spectrometer to measure the spectra of ice surfaces, the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of ice samples were combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). They revealed the spectral characteristics of river ice in the Inner Mongolia section of the Yellow River and the fluorescence components, source characteristics, and influencing factors of DOM, providing a theoretical basis for studying ice's DOM composition and source characteristics. The results indicate that the reflectance of the Yellow River ice increases first and then decreases, and the sediment content significantly impacts the reflectance. One type of protein and one type of terrestrial humus make up most of the ice in the Inner Mongolia portion of the Yellow River; their respective contributions to fluorescence intensity are 56.62% and 43.38%. The ice's surface has the weakest fluorescence, which progressively rises as the thickness of the ice grows. The obtained ice sample's fluorescence index (FI) value is 1.31~2.42, its biological index (BIX) value is 0.74~2.93, and its humification index (HIX) value is 0.20~1.74, according to an analysis of the fluorescence characteristic parameters. Various fluorescence characteristic factors show that endogenous release and external input are the DOM sources of ice samples in the Inner Mongolia part of the Yellow River, with a higher endogenous contribution and a lower degree of humification of ice bodies. This article's research findings provide insight into the spectral properties of river ice in the Yellow River's Inner Mongolia segment, the fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter, and associated influencing elements, including component origins. In addition to identifying water quality and ecologically monitoring rivers in cold climates, this can offer a theoretical foundation and data support for future studies on the evolution process of DOM in ice.