With excellent optical properties and high carrier mobility, perovskite materials have become highly competitive materials in the field of space solar cells. However, space particle irradiation can change the structure and optical properties of materials, leading to a rapid degradation of device performance. In order to investigate the influence of electron irradiation on the structure and optical properties of CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals, we conducted electron irradiation experiments on CsPbBr₃ materials, characterized the microscopic morphology of CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Moreover, we investigated the variation trend of crystal structure by X-ray diffraction analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. The results revealed electron irradiation caused the CsPbBr₃ nanocrystals to become rough and significantly decrease in size. The nanocrystal became compact and formed nanocluster under high-dose electron irradiation. Furthermore, the optical properties of CsPbBr₃ materials were characterized using steady-state UV-Vis absorption spectra and photoluminescence spectra. The analysis of lattice expansion-induced bandgap changes after irradiation was performed using first principles calculations. It is demonstrated that electron irradiation deepened the color of nanocrystals and affected the light transmittance of CsPbBr₃ nanocrystalline, thereby enhancing the optical absorption performance of the samples. However, electron irradiation also led to the decomposition of CsPbBr3 nanocrystals, resulting in a significant reduction in luminescence intensity of the CsPbBr₃ by 53.7%-78.6% after high-dose irradiation. These findings provide valuable data support for the study of spatial radiation damage mechanisms and the application of perovskite nanocrystals.