Near-infrared organic photodetectors (NIR-OPD) have broad application prospects in flexible wearable devices, environmental detection, medical health monitoring, biomedical imaging, and other aspects. In recent years, high-performance NIR-OPD have received wide attention, and scholars at home and abroad have made great contributions in promoting the innovation of near-infrared organic materials and the structure of optoelectronic devices. The applications of narrow bandgap polymers, small molecule acceptors, and non-fullerene acceptor materials in devices are summarized considering the structure of optical conductivity, spectral response range, responsivity, external quantum efficiency, specific detection rate, and other performance parameters of transistor and diode devices. Various strategies for optimizing the performance of devices such as structure optimization, surface passivation treatment, and interface engineering, while reviewing the research progress of narrowband, full-color, and color-selective NIR-OPD are introduced, and the challenges and application prospects for future development are presented.