The Al2O3-SiO2 aerogel (ASA), due to its high porosity, low density and high specific surface area, exhibits outstanding high-temperature resistance and thermal insulation properties, holding broad development prospects in the field of aerospace thermal insulation. However, the relatively poor mechanical properties of ASA, weak infrared radiation absorption and heat dissipation capabilities at high temperatures limit its application in the field of high-temperature insulation. Element doping and fiber reinforcement are commonly used to improve the thermal insulation and mechanical properties of ASA. This paper provides an overview of ASA preparation techniques, factors affecting ASA properties, research on element or substance doped ASA, and fiber-reinforced ASA composites, while also offering insights into the future development directions of ASA.