In response to the high-precision measurement requirements of laser tracking measurement systems, this study analyzed their kinematic model and investigated a calibration method for the control field network. Based on the uncertainty propagation law of the implicit function model of the objective function, a structural error calibration evaluation model was developed. The influence of the number of transfer stations and the layout of calibration points on the calibration effect of structural errors was simulated and analyzed. Furthermore, a calibration and evaluation field was constructed for experimental verification. Experimental results demonstrate that the calibration accuracy of structural error parameters under different layouts aligns with the measurement accuracy of the evaluation field coordinates. When the dimensionless mean of the uncertainty of the structural error parameter calibration calculated using the structural error calibration evaluation model increases from 21.90 to 410.96, the root mean square error of the evaluation field coordinates increases from 0.2910 to 2.2365 mm. These findings confirm that the proposed method effectively evaluates the calibration effect of the structural error network in laser tracking measurement systems.