To investigate the frost resistance and durability performance of high-ductility engineered cementitious composites (ECC) made with Yellow River sand, the rapid freeze-thaw cycle test was carried out to study the mass loss rate, relative dynamic elastic modulus, cube compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of ECC materials under different Yellow River sand replacement rate. Based on the multidimensional evaluation of the replacement rate of the Yellow River sand, the optimal replacement rate was obtained. The microscopic characteristics and frost resistance mechanism under the optimal replacement rate were further analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope and X-ray computed tomography tests. The results show that the relative dynamic elastic modulus of the five groups of ECC specimens is not less than 97% after 150 freeze-thaw cycles, and the compressive strength and splitting tensile strength increase with the increase of the replacement rate of Yellow River sand. The results of multidimensional evaluation analysis show that the frost resistance of Yellow River sand ECC is the best at 100% frost rate. Microscopic analysis shows that the pore distribution is uniform, the proportion of small pores is high, the degree of internal hydration is high, and the fiber adhesion is good. The freeze-thaw damage model based on Weibull probability distribution can better predict the freeze-thaw damage state of Yellow River sand ECC.