To address the issues of data theft and unauthorized access during the transmission of aerial images，a novel aerial image encryption algorithm based on five-dimensional hyperchaotic system and immune algorithm is proposed. Firstly，the design of the five-dimensional hyperchaotic system overcomes the limitations of the insufficient key space in low-dimensional chaotic systems. The chaotic properties of the system are verified through equilibrium point analysis and other methods. Subsequently，the chaotic sequence is used to perform the initial scrambling of the aerial image，followed by a second scrambling by using the immune algorithm. Finally，chaotic diffusion is applied to complete the encryption process. The algorithm has a key space of 2¹⁸⁵, a ciphertext information entropy of 7.999 8，a correlation close to zero，a pixel change rate of 99.608 6%，and an unified average change intensity of 33.471 3%，which can effectively resist outside attacks. The experimental results show that the algorithm has excellent security and robustness.