Phosphate glass can adjust its mechanical properties and chemical stability by adjusting its components, making it a promising artificial bone graft material in tissue engineering. In this paper, phosphate glasses with different Ca/Na ratios were designed and prepared. The structure characteristics, thermal properties, mechanical properties and mineralization capacity in simulated body fluid of the glasses with different compositions were studied. The results showed that the increase of Ca/Na ratio could effectively enhance the mechanical properties of glass while improving the chemical stability of glass. It was found that the Ca—O—P bond was formed in the phosphate glass mesh after increasing the Ca/Na ratio, the bending strength of the glass increased by 70.3%, and the Vickers hardness increased by 39.0%. The ion release rate and mineralization rate of glass in simulated body fluid decreased. which made a preliminary exploration for the controllable release of phosphate based bone graft material. This study provided valuable insights into the controlled-release mechanisms of phosphate glass based bone graft materials.