The specimens of 316L austenitic stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) were heat-treated, and the wear resistance, hardness and abrasion width of 316L stainless steel were observed by using the MFT-R4000 abrasion and wear tester, microhardness measurement and analysis system and optical microscope (OM). The results show that: with the annealing temperature increases, the hardness of the specimen are decreasing in the Z direction; the hardness difference of SLM specimens and specimens after 880 ℃ heat treatment is small; Y direction hardness difference is small. As the load increases, the width of the abrasion marks increases, and oxidation wear, adhesive wear and abrasive wear exist in the friction process, while cracks exist on the surface of the abrasion marks. In a certain range of load, load has a certain influence on the friction coefficient. With the load increases, the wear heat rises, the oxide film is generated, the friction coefficient decreases, and the grinding chip is plastic plowing. When the load is greater than 20 N, the friction coefficient rises, and the grinding chip is brittle flaking.