To solve the problem of “kiss bonding” and “weak bonding” which cannot be detected by conventional nondestructive testing technology, a self-designed variable pulse width Nd∶YAG laser was selected. Three surface treatment methods and two kinds of adhesives were used to prepare the bonded structures of 4.68 MPa, 17.69 MPa, 21.35 MPa. The fixed laser parameters were used to verify the bonded structures by laser shock experiment. The results show that when the laser pulse width is 30 ns, spot diameter is 4 mm and laser energy is 8 J, the 3M DP460 adhesive with the tensile strength of 37 MPa does not have spalling damage, while the 3M DP810 adhesive with the tensile strength of 15 MPa has spalling damage. With the increase of laser energy, the interface debonding area of 4.68 MPa bonded structure increases from 12.5 mm² to 50.0 mm², while no obvious damage is found in 21.35 MPa bonded structure, indicating that under appropriate laser parameters, laser spalling technology can be used as a non-destructive testing method to effectively detect “weak bonding” and “kiss bonding” at the bonding interface. This study provides a reference for the application of laser spalling technology in the field of interface bonding strength detection of bonded structures.