The normal growth of cells requires maintaining the balance between oxidation and antioxidant, while the high glucose environment can destroy this balance, make the cell oxidation and antioxidant ability imbalance, tend to oxidize, produce a large number of oxidation intermediate products, resulting in oxidative stress (OS) damage, resulting in inflammatory factor secretion, and cell proliferation is slow, growth is inhibited. Photobiomodulation (PBM) has become an indispensable method in rehabilitation treatment. On the one hand, PBM can improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes, regulate the balance of antioxidant system, accelerate collagen synthesis; on the other hand, PBM can promote the secretion of cytokines and growth factors, reduce inflammatory response, maintain oxidation and antioxidant balance, promote cell proliferation. A large number of cell experiments, animal experiments and clinical studies have made an in-depth study and discussion on the specific mechanism and curative effects of PBM. In order to better promote the application of PBM in the field of clinical and life sciences, the existing research results are reviewed and combed. In this paper, the changes of cell damage, the mechanism of PBM repairing damage, the research progress and prospect of PBM in high sugar environment are reviewed, and the mechanism of repair of cell oxidative stress damage induced by high glucose in PBM is described, which can better promote the application of optics in the field of biomedicine.