Low-dimensional iron-based nanomaterials are representative magnetic nanomaterials used in the field of medicine and healthcare. These nanomaterials have attracted recent attention. This review summarized recent research progress on the synthesis, formation mechanism and biomedical applications of high-performance iron-based nanoparticles, and discussed the controllable synthesis as well as themodulation of interface property. In addition, this review also gave some prospects for biomedical applications of typical two-dimensional iron based nanomaterials and composites.