Atmospheric turbulence channels cause random fading of laser link signal power, which is a significant factor affecting the quality of air-based laser communication links. Simulation and performance analysis regarding the degradation of communication performance is conducted due to short-term random fading caused by atmospheric turbulence in air-based laser communication links. The effects of different encoding rates and retransmission frame structures on error correction performance are analyzed. By adjusting the HARQ transmission strategy, it compares the results of transmission performance improvements such as bit error rate and communication bandwidth utilization rate. According to the simulation results, refined retransmission control and changing error correction encoding rates can effectively improve the error correction capability of laser links. By balancing the coding rate and the length of retransmission frames during the HARQ retransmission process, it is possible to significantly improve laser link transmission performance without affecting link transmission efficiency.