To address the issue of the low utilization rate of construction waste, this paper investigated the compressive strength of concrete prepared using recycled coarse aggregate and recycled powder from different acquisition methods and substitution methods. It also established a predictive model for the time-varying early compressive strength of concrete when mixing recycled powder and recycled coarse aggregate concrete, and analyzed the carbon footprint of the prepared concrete. The study included comparisons between over-substitution and standard substitution, as well as between recycled powder obtained by grinding and obtained by screening. Combined with scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion method, the micro-test of concrete samples was carried out, and the reasons for the micro-level change of concrete strength were analyzed. The results indicate that the impact of recycled powder on the mechanical properties of concrete is more significant than that of recycled coarse aggregate. As the content of recycled powder increases from 0% to 30% (mass fraction), the development of early compressive strength of the concrete gradually slows down. The porosity of concrete increases rapidly and the percentage of more hazardous hole also increases. In addition, the predictive model for the time-varying early compressive strength of recycled concrete established with the replacement rate of recycled powder and recycled coarse aggregate is well fitted, which can be used as a reference in engineering practice.