Phosphorus-doped mesoporous carbons (PMCs) were synthesized by solvent evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method using phenolic resin as carbon precursor, phosphoric acid as phosphorus source, and the triblock copolymer F127 as soft template. The morphology and structure of the prepared PMCs were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The electrochemical properties of samples were tested by electrochemical workstation. The results show that phosphorus mainly exists in the form of C-P bond and P-O bond in mesoporous carbon. Electrochemical tests show that the maximum specific capacitance can be obtained by adjusting the amount of phosphorus doping. When the current density is 0.5 A/g, the specific capacity of mesoporous carbon is 140 F/g, while the optimized mesoporous carbon reaches 176 F/g.