Low-level wind shear is a major threat to aviation safety. To study the fine structure and evolution of typical low-level wind shear in plateau airports, for the two types of wind shear caused by different synoptic processes at Xining Airport on 2020-02-13, FC-Ⅲ wind lidar data combined with wind profile radar and other data were anaylized. The results show that the causes and evolution characteristics of the two types of wind shear are different, the tailwind shear line exhibits as a “cone” and affects the runway from west to east, while the moving path of the headwind shear line is opposite, the maximum wind speed exceeds 20m/s. The vertical structure of the wind field has different characteristics, the wind speed of more than 15m/s propagates downwards causing tailwind shear; for the headwind shear, wind direction changes over 160° in the near-surface layer; in the two processes, wind speed difference between adjacent moments in the glide path mode both exceed 15m/s. The formation and development of the two types of low-level wind shear in the plateau winter are rapid. The high-resolution three-dimensional scanning lidar can detect the evolution process and fine structure of the wind shear, which is significant to improving aviation safety.