In order to solve the problems of high cost, complex system, poor practicability, and slow response speed in common non-contact temperature measurement systems, multi-spectral temperature measurement and fast-response photoelectric detection technology were adopted, and a low-cost and high-speed multi-spectral radiation temperature measurement system was designed. By using the high-speed weak optical signal acquisition module, high-speed analog-to-digital conversion chip, high-performance field-programmable gate array, and synchronous dynamic random-access memory, ensures the high-speed conversion, synchronous acquisition, large-capacity buffering of weak optical signals and the ability to measure temperature field changes in nanoseconds can be obtained. The results show that, temperature measurement error is less than ±1% and time resolution can reach 50ns. This result is helpful for the measurement of rapidly changing temperature field.