Conventional microscopy imaging techniques can cause irreversible damage to the activity of transparent cells, while existing light intensity transfer equations lack practical instruments that are both portable and low-cost. To address this challenge, this paper designs a portable microscopic imaging system based on the light intensity transfer equation. According to the requirements of the light intensity transmission equation, the mechanical structure was independently designed and corresponding interactive software was developed. On the premise of ensuring system resolution, it has achieved features such as volume reduction of 70%, high integration, rapid disassembly and assembly, and significant cost reduction. The experimental results demonstrate a resolution of 2.19 microns for the system when using a 10× objective lens. Real time phase quantitative observation of transparent cells can be performed and applied to defect detection of transparent/semi transparent samples. This study provides feasibility for achieving low-cost, portable, and modular design of microscopy imaging technology.