Oxygen absorption rate is the core of passive ranging technology calculation using oxygen A band. In order to ascertain the influence of extreme winter weather on the calculation of oxygen spectral absorption and the accuracy of passive ranging, the passive ranging technology is investigated under the conditions of snowing weather and fog and haze weather. The source is a 1000 W tungsten halogen lamp, and the measuring device is a grating spectrometer with 1 nm resolution. The test data are processed at the range of 550 m. According to the mathematic model of oxygen absorption rate and path length using the correlated-K distribution, the distance is solved by the oxygen absorption rate of tungsten halogen lamp in extreme winter weather. The results indicate that the measurement accuracy of oxygen spectral absorption is affected by extreme winter weather, so the ranging error is great in extreme winter weather; but after removing background, the ranging error is reduced to 8.36% in fog and haze weather and 5.45% in snowing weather. By using background elimination method, the measurement accuracy of oxygen spectral absorption and the ranging precision can be increased in extreme winter weather.