Myopia is a common eye disease, which has a high incidence in children and adolescents in China and gradually shows a tendency of younger age. Moderate and high myopia can cause many serious ophthalmic complications and high myopia may become the leading cause of blindness in the world. Based on the retinal peripheral defocus theory, we discuss the research progress in the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents by optical corrections such as spectacle lens, soft contact lens and orthokeratology designed to reduce peripheral hyperopic defocus, and provide insights on the potential efficacy of slowing down the growth of ocular axial length, so as to provide more clinical guidance for the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents.