In order to solve the challenges of low space utilization and small aperture size for the sub-eye in bionic compound eye systems, a design method for a large aperture compound eye system with a hexagonal band arrangement is proposed in this paper. Using the filling factor theory, taking the traditional curved surface circular arrangement as the control group, it is demonstrated that the hexagonal band arrangement model can effectively improve the space utilization of a large-aperture compound eye system. Aiming at the limited target information acquisition of a single-band compound eye system, an infrared dual-band common optical path imaging form was designed, supplemented by a two-color image sensor, which enhanced the multi-dimensional ability of the compound eye system to obtain information. At the same time, a mathematical model of the sub-aperture positioning of the hexagonal band arrangement is established. The bionic compound eye system is composed of 91 sub-apertures with an entrance pupil diameter of 16 mm, a focal length of 48 mm and a field of view of 9°. The combined total field of view of the sub-apertures is 96°×85°. The focal length of the relay system is 6.14 mm. In a temperature range of -40 °C~+60 °C, the sub-aperture and the relay systems basically have no influence from thermal differences. The cold reflection effect of the detector can be ignored. The simulation results show that the Root Mean Square (RMS) radius of each sub-channel is smaller than the airy spot and the optical distortion value of each sub-channel is less than 0.1%. The Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the edge sub-channel in the MWIR/LWIR band is above 0.5 at 17 lp/mm. The system has a compact structure and strong detection ability, and can be used for multi-target detection and recognition in complex environments.