Laser ultrasound can realize the function of nondestructive testing of internal defects and residual stress state of components. The center frequency of the sensor was set as 2.5 MHz, and the software was used to complete the data acquisition process and implement filtering processing. The K417G disc was first treated by hot die forging, and then shot peening was carried out on its surface. A total of 5 points were set on the K417G nickel-based alloy along the length direction. The distance of the adjacent points was controlled as 1.96 mm, and the surface wave velocity was 2 950 m/s. Test results show that the surface wave velocity above 2 949 m/s is reached in both x and y directions, and the compression stress is formed on the surface of K417G disc. Both XRD and ultrasonic examination showed that compressive stress was formed, with the same variation trend. The maximum radial residual stress measured by XRD method is -906 MPa. The laser ultrasonic method with larger test depth can obtain smaller test parameters than the XRD measurement results. This study is of great practical value to understand the surface residual stress distribution of metal samples after shot peening, which is helpful for the subsequent machining process selection.