The temperature measurement is of great significance in many aspects of the country and society such as aerospace, public security, intelligent manufacturing and smart home. The temperature measurement technology based on ultrasonic wave theory is a novel temperature measurement method in recent years. The ultrasonic temperature measurement technology has the characteristics of non-contact, wide temperature measurement range, fast response and high measurement accuracy, and has shown good performance in aero-engine, microwave drying and other fields. In this paper, facing the demand background of the space temperature field measurement of three-dimensional sphere, based on the principle of the relationship between ultrasonic flight speed and medium temperature, an 8-transducer structure for a two-dimensional circular plane and an 26-transducer structure for a three-dimensional sphere space are designed by using the transceiver integrated ultrasonic transducer. The receiving control strategy of time-sharing rotation training ultrasonic transducer is proposed, and the space temperature reconstruction algorithm based on radial basis function is established, and the temperature measurement method is simulated based on the Matlab platform. The simulation results show that the established two-dimensional circular plane temperature field model with diagonal deflection and central symmetry and the three-dimensional spherical temperature field model with central symmetry have good reconstruction effects. At the same time, three types of Gaussian white noise with standard deviations of 0.02%, 0.03% and 0.05% respectively are superimposed in the ultrasonic time-of-flight measurement, which further verifies that the method proposed in this paper has good robustness.