In order to explore the effects of physical parameters such as laser overlapping rate and average laser power on the temperature distribution and ablation depth of Q345 steel surface oxide layer during laser cleaning, this paper carries out a simulation study of the laser cleaning process for the oxide layer on the surface of Q345 steel, which is commonly used in steel industry engineering. Firstly, the physicochemical properties of the oxide layer on the surface of Q345 steel are analyzed, and the laser cleaning layered model of the oxide and matrix is established. Next, with the aid of COMSOL Multiphysics software, the Q345 steel laser cleaning model is meshed and transient study is conducted, and experimental verification of the effects of laser parameters on the cleaning temperature field and depth of cleaning are obtained. The results show that the spot overlapping rate has little effect on the temperature field, but with the increase of the overlapping rate, the ablation depth is deeper. And the greater the average laser power, the higher the peak temperature field and the deeper the ablation depth significantly. The research results can provide a theoretical reference for the process study of laser cleaning of oxide layers.