Detection of the anomaly associated with the working status of satellites is an important part of space situational awareness and is an effective methodology to improve the efficiency of satellite surveillance and ensure the normal operation of the satellites. Due to the fast speed of low-orbit objects and the obvious change of observation geometry, the application of historical observation data is limited. In this study, an anomaly detection method is proposed based on the dynamic time-structured distance by combining the geometrical relation of the Sun-object-observation station, the orbit characteristics of the satellites, and the photometric relation of the space objects to quickly detect the working status of the satellites. Finally, using the proposed method, some photometric data of Fengyun, GPS and Tiangong at seven working status are simulated. The results indicate that the accuracy rate of abnormal detection with respect to the working status of the space objects is more than 90%, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed method.