Concrete engineering in cold regions is often damaged by freeze-thaw in varying degrees, but currently, there is limited research on the re-service of concrete after damage repair in freeze-thaw environments. To study the effect of freeze-thaw cycles on the mechanical properties of cracked concrete specimens with grouting repair by different materials, cracked concrete specimens were prepared and repaired by grouting with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and epoxy resin polymer (ERP), and freeze-thaw cycle tests and uniaxial compression tests were conducted on the grouting repair specimens. By using particle flow code (PFC) to establish models of different bonding modes, the freeze-thaw cycle simulation of concrete was realized based on the water ice particle phase transition coupled expansion method. By combining with indoor tests, the study explored the variations in mechanical properties, crack propagation, and failure modes of specimens across different freeze-thaw cycles. The test results show that with the increase in the freeze-thaw cycles, the apparent freeze-thaw deterioration state of the grouting repair specimens gradually increase, and the quality increases first and then decreases. The development of freeze-thaw damage accelerates in the later stages of freeze-thaw cycles, and the frost resistance of ERP repaired specimens is better than that of OPC repaired specimens. The simulation results show that the bonding performance between grouting materials and concrete has a significant impact on the degree of freeze-thaw deterioration of the slurry-concrete bonding interface layer, leading to differences in the frost resistance of the specimens. As the number of freeze-thaw cycles increases, the accumulation of freeze-thaw damage will change the main crack propagation path of the specimen, resulting in a change in the failure mode of the specimen. The strength and bonding performance of grouting materials can change the stress state of the specimen and affect its crack propagation law.