Experimental research of nano-hardness and elastic modulus of copper treated by micro laser shock peening (μLSP) is carried out. The results show that nano-hardness and elastic modulus treated by μLSP are higher than those of substrate, with the maxima of 4.21 and 2.39 times, respectively. Change laws of nano-hardness and elastic modulus in shock region are explored, and main factors and strengthening mechanism are discussed. With reasonable characterization of surface mechanical performance by nanoindentation technique, good guidance on parameter optimal selection for further study of surface mechanical performance in μLSP is provided.