In recent years, the rapid development of smart terminals and wireless networks has led to an exponential growth in the number of terminal devices and data volumes in the power IoT. These data resources have become important assets for power enterprises, significantly enhancing the smart sensing, internal control capabilities, and customer service efficiency of the power grid. However, as critical national infrastructure, power data is vulnerable to cyber-attacks and theft. If leaked, it could cause significant security risks and economic losses. Therefore, power enterprises must strengthen data security protection to address the security issues in data exchange, sharing, and mining. A cloud-edge collaborative intelligent grid data security sharing scheme is proposed, combining zero-knowledge proof technology with a secret sharing scheme to achieve fine-grained access control and privacy protection for user access requests. Finally, the simulation results show that the total time required to perform distributed data access verification in this paper is no more than 48 ms, indicating that the algorithm has a good performance.