New single crystal Nd∶CaNb2O6 is successfully grown by using the Czochralski method along the c- direction. Absorption spectra are measured at room temperature. Peak absorption cross section is calculated to be 5.04×10-20 cm2 with a broad FWHM of 8 nm at 808 nm. Based on Judd-Ofelt theory, the parameters of line strengths Ωt(t=2, 4, 6) are fitted and the values are Ω2=5.321×10-20 cm2, Ω4=1.734×10-20 cm2, and Ω6=2.889×10-20 cm2. The radiative lifetime is 167.02 μs. The fluorescence branch ratios are calculated: β1 =36.03%, β2=52.29%, β3=11.15%, β4 =0.533%. Good spectroscopic properties show that the Nd∶CaNb2O6crystal is a potential laser gain medium of solid-state laser.